Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the aerosol in Beijing, China, measured by aminopropylsilane chemically-bonded stationary-phase column chromatography and HPLC/fluorescence detection

Okuda, Tomoaki; Naoi, Daisuke; Tenmoku, Masaki; Tanaka, Shigeru; He, Kebin; Ma, Yue; Yang, Fumo; Lei, Yu; Jia, Yunfeng; Zhang, Dihan

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.01.064

Cited by 93 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Table 1 shows a summary of the ambient TSP and PAH concentrations. During the study period, the annual average TSP and PAH concentrations were similar to those reported in numerous other Asian cities, such as Delhi (Sarkar and Khillare, 2013) and Agra (Rajput and Lakhani, 2010) in India and Beijing in China (Okuda et al, 2006), but were significantly higher than those observed at sites in Asia such as Lhasa in China (Gong et al, 2011) and Sihwa in Korea (Park et al, 2011). The PAH concentrations ranged between 18.1 and 453 ng/m 3 , indicating that both the PAH and TSP concentrations fluctuated over wide ranges during the sampling period.…”

Section: Toxic Equivalent Quantity Estimationsupporting

confidence: 56%

Characteristics and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric aerosols in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

Chen

Kang

et al. 2015

Science of The Total Environment

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• High concentrations of 4-6 ring PAHs were reported in the atmosphere of Kathmandu.• PAH concentrations in non-monsoon season were higher than those in monsoon season.• PAH ratios indicated that diesel and biomass fuels were main emission sources.• Toxic equivalent concentration of PAHs was 26 times higher than the WHO guideline. The Kathmandu Valley in the foothills of the Himalayas, where the capital city of Nepal is located, has one of the most serious air pollution problems in the world. In this study, total suspended particle (TSP) samples collected over a year (April 2013-March 2014 in the Kathmandu Valley were analyzed for determining the concentrations of 15 priority particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The TSP and PAH concentrations were extremely high, with annual average concentration being 199 ± 124 μg/m 3 and 155 ± 130 ng/m 3 , respectively, which are comparable to those observed in Asian cities such as Beijing and Delhi. The TSP and PAH concentrations varied considerably, with the seasonal average concentration being maximal during the post-monsoon season followed by, in descending order, the winter, pre-monsoon, and monsoon seasons. In the winter and premonsoon seasons, ambient TSP and PAH concentrations increased because of emissions from brick kilns and the use of numerous small generators. Moreover, in the pre-monsoon season, forest fires in the surrounding regions influenced the TSP and PAH concentrations in the valley. PAHs with 4 to 6 rings constituted a predominant proportion (92.3-93.3%) of the total PAHs throughout the year. Evaluation of diagnostic molecular ratios indicated that the atmospheric PAHs in the Kathmandu Valley originated mainly from diesel and biomass G R A P H I C A L A B S T R A C T a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f o Contents lists available at ScienceDirectScience of the Total Environment j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w . e l s e v i e r . c o m / l o c a t e / s c i t o t e n v combustion. The toxic equivalent quantity (TEQ) of particle phase PAHs ranged between 2.74 and 81.5 ng TEQ/ m 3 , which is considerably higher than those reported in other South Asian cities, and 2-80 times higher than the World Health Organization guideline (1 ng TEQ/m 3 ). This suggests that ambient PAH levels in the Kathmandu Valley pose a serious health risk to its approximately 3.5 million residents.

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Section: Toxic Equivalent Quantity Estimationsupporting

confidence: 56%

Characteristics and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric aerosols in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

Chen

Kang

et al. 2015

Science of The Total Environment

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“…However, it was reported that in winter, PAH outflows reaching North Asian counties were mainly from North China Plain and northeast China, whereas Southeast China including Guangdong province was the major contributor to the PAH outflow reaching the South China Sea and Southeast Asia (Lang et al 2007(Lang et al , 2008. Indeed, many studies using PAH ratios and/or factor analysis identified that CC for residential heating was the major source of PAHs in cities in northern China (Okuda et al 2006(Okuda et al , 2010Tian et al 2009;Li et al 2011;Ma et al 2011). With the help of the PCA-MLR technique, Ma et al (2011) found that pyrogenic sources (including CC for residential heating), coke oven, and unidentified sources contributed 44, 39, and 17 %, respectively, to the total PAHs in winter Beijing.…”

Section: Source Contributions To Total Pahsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tracer-based source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM2.5 in Guangzhou, southern China, using positive matrix factorization (PMF)

Gao

Guo

Wang

et al. 2012

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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From 28 November to 23 December 2009, 24-h PM 2.5 samples were collected simultaneously at six sites in Guangzhou. Concentrations of 18 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) together with certain molecular tracers for vehicular emissions (i.e., hopanes and elemental carbon), coal combustion (i.e., picene), and biomass burning (i.e., levoglucosan) were determined. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) receptor model combined with tracer data was applied to explore the source contributions to PAHs. Three sources were identified by both inspecting the dominant tracer(s) in each factor and comparing source profiles derived from PMF with determined profiles in Guangzhou or in the Pearl River Delta region. The three sources identified were vehicular emissions (VE), biomass burning (BB), and coal combustion (CC), accounting for 11±2 %, 31±4 %, and 58± 4 % of the total PAHs, respectively. CC replaced VE to become the most important source of PAHs in Guangzhou, reflecting the effective control of VE in recent years. The three sources had different contributions to PAHs with different ring sizes, with higher BB contributions (75±3 %) to four-ring PAHs such as pyrene and higher CC contributions (57±4 %) to six-ring PAHs such as benzo [ghi]perylene. Temporal variations of VE and CC contributions were probably caused by the change of weather conditions, while temporal variations of BB contributions were additionally influenced by the fluctuation of BB emissions. Source contributions also showed some spatial variations, probably due to the source emission variations near the sampling sites.

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“…Hence, it is necessary to monitor the air quality concurrent. Several studies on PAHs in aerosol in Beijing have been reported recently [7,[12][13][14]. However, these reports focus on limited sites in this city, which cannot illustrate the general pollution level of Beijing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A wintertime study of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM2.5 and PM2.5–10 in Beijing: Assessment of energy structure conversion

Wang

Cheng

et al. 2008

Journal of Hazardous Materials

139

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the aerosol in Beijing, China, measured by aminopropylsilane chemically-bonded stationary-phase column chromatography and HPLC/fluorescence detection

Cited by 93 publications

References 38 publications

Characteristics and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric aerosols in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

Characteristics and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric aerosols in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

Tracer-based source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM2.5 in Guangzhou, southern China, using positive matrix factorization (PMF)

A wintertime study of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM2.5 and PM2.5–10 in Beijing: Assessment of energy structure conversion

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