“…The physical and chemical characteristics, thermal stability and crystallinity of the PNMs can be explored using thermogravimetric analyzer and an X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) (Bhaumik, Setshedi, Maity, & Onyango, 2013;Alizadeh, Delnavaz, & Shakeri, 2018). Their pore volume, pore diameter and surface area can also be identified using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) (Patiño-Ruiz et al, 2020) while functional groups are normally identified by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) (Rebekah et al, 2020;Patiño-Ruiz et al, 2020;Solano et al, 2021). They can also be characterized using atomic force microscope and small-angle X-ray scattering (Gestranius et al, 2020), Rheometric technique, Raman spectroscopy (Solano et al, 2021), thermomechanical, dynamic modulus analysis (DMA), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) (Ray, & Okamoto, 2003), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (Abinaya et al, 2019).…”