“…Many PAH compounds and the intermediates that emerge during metabolic degradation exhibit toxic properties (e.g., narcosis, phototoxicity, immunotoxicity, teratogenicity, and carcinogenicity) and can cause a wide range of adverse health effects in fish, invertebrates, and other marine life (e.g., Peterson et al, 2003). Adverse effects on these organisms include the formation of liver tumors (e.g., in North Sea flatfish flounder and dab; Vethaak et al, , 2009Myers et al, 2003), impairment of reproduction (reviewed by Nicolas, 1999;Rocha Monteiro et al, 2000), embryonic deformities (Carls et al, 2008), and immune modulation (e.g., Reynaud and Deschaux, 2006). Consequently, PAHs constitute a major threat to marine life and are therefore included in the list of chemicals for priority action by the Oslo Paris Convention for the protection of the marine environment of the NorthEast Atlantic (OSPAR, 2001).…”