Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in milk and dairy products

Abstract

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of organic compounds with a structure consisting of carbon and hydrogen atoms that have more than two fused aromatic rings. Most PAHs have carcinogenic effects on animal or humans and induce various cancers. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are a consequence of environmental pollutants, imperfect burning or pyrolysis of organic substances during industrial processing. Additionally, foods can be contaminated during their processing and preparation through different heat treatments. This review highlights the formation, occurrence and health impacts of PAHs in milk and milk products, and analytical technique used for their determination in dairy products.

The measurement and health risk assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls in butter samples using the QuEChERS/GC‐MS method

“…2018; Amirdivani et al . 2019). This study is the first in Iran to assess the risk to health and the level of six NDL‐PCBs in industrial and traditional butter samples using the modified QuEChERS method and GC‐MS.…”

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Foods: Biological Effects, Legislation, Occurrence, Analytical Methods, and Strategies to Reduce Their Formation

“…Contamination of foods with PAHs may occur at different stages from farming (e.g., uptake of PAHs present in soil and water by crops) to processing and cooking (e.g., hightemperature cooking methods, and roasting and drying processing of foods) [44]. During the latter stages, PAHs generation depends on the product type and processing method, as well as factors such as combustible material, oxygen level, and smoke generator [3]. Nonetheless, as emphasized by Domingo and Nadal [45], it is essential to know the content of carcinogenic compounds in raw and unprocessed foods before assessing the influence of cooking techniques because contamination may occur during previous stages.…”

“…According to the number of aromatic rings, they can be classified as light (2-3 rings) or heavy (4-6 rings) compounds [2]. Environmental PAHs can originate from natural sources, such as forest fires and volcanic emissions, and from sources associated with human activity (i.e., artificial or anthropogenic sources), such as coal burning, vehicles exhaust emissions, engine lubricating oils, and cigarette smoke [3]. The pyrolytic process that generates PAHs involves three fundamental factorshigh temperatures, reduced oxygen levels, and organic matter-resulting in incomplete combustion.…”

Effects of Ni‐Loading on the Performance of Ni/SiO2 Catalysts for the Highly Selective Hydrogenation of Biphenyl to Cyclohexylbenzene

“…At present, it is urgent to realize the exploitation of clean fuels in the view of the decreasing fossil fuels and the serious environmental pollution. As is well known, most of aromatic hydrocarbons are carcinogenic which are produced during the utilization of fossil fuels [1] . Therefore, it is of great significance to lower the emission of the aromatic hydrocarbons.…”