Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in agricultural soils around the industrial city of Changzhi, China: characteristics, spatial distribution, hotspots, sources, and potential risks

Li, Geng; Guo, Weihua; Niu, Junpeng; An, Xiangsheng; Zhao, Long

doi:10.1007/s11368-016-1490-6

Cited by 17 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Our results were comparable to toxic PAH concentrations reported for industrial and residential regions in Poland [ 8 , 44 ], Spain [ 35 ] and Italy [ 37 ], as well as for rural regions under high anthropogenic pressure in China [ 7 , 42 ]. Results highlighted a significant variation of TEQs values (CoV up to 465%) through the study region ( Figure 3 ).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 88%

“…Average PAHs content significantly exceeded the values reported for the agricultural soils from non-industrial areas in Poland (291–616 µg kg −1 [ 4 , 5 , 34 ]), Spain (112 µg kg −1 [ 35 ]), Norway (63 µg kg −1 [ 36 ]), Italy (333 µg kg −1 [ 37 ]), as well as in China (202–219 µg kg −1 [ 6 , 38 ]). However, our results were comparable to the PAHs concentration reported for agricultural soils in Czech Republic (847 µg kg −1 [ 39 ]), for soils from rural regions in the surroundings of coking plant (691 µg kg −1 [ 40 ], 3016 µg kg −1 [ 7 ]) and mining areas (1280 µg kg −1 [ 41 ], 917 µg kg −1 [ 42 ]) in China. Similar high levels of PAHs were also observed in forest soils from the Silesia region in Poland (1050 µg kg −1 [ 8 ]), as well as in urban soils from Spain (1002 µg kg −1 [ 35 ]), Portugal (1544 µg kg −1 [ 2 ]), Slovakia (2065 µg kg −1 [ 43 ]) and Poland (1331 µg kg −1 [ 44 ]).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 85%

“…The annual emission of ΣPAH 4em in the study area is estimated at 1.75 kg per km 2 , and the dust emission (another anthropogenic index) at 6827 kg per km 2 [ 4 ]. The predominance of HMW is typical in areas of high anthropogenic pressure [ 2 , 4 , 6 , 7 , 42 ] and may be due to the higher persistence of these compounds in soils, a dominance of combustion over petrogenic sources, and the tendency of HMW PAHs to accumulate in soils that are close to emission sources [ 2 , 4 , 5 , 10 , 36 , 44 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Screening Risk Assessment of Agricultural Areas under a High Level of Anthropopressure Based on Chemical Indexes and VIS-NIR Spectroscopy

Klimkowicz‐Pawlas

Debaene

2020

Molecules

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Intensive anthropogenic activity may result in uncontrolled release of various pollutants that ultimately accumulate in soils and may adversely affect ecosystems and human health. Hazard screening, prioritisation and subsequent risk assessment are usually performed on a chemical-by-chemical basis and need expensive and time-consuming methods. Therefore, there is a need to look for fast and reliable methods of risk assessment and contamination prediction in soils. One promising technique in this regard is visible and near infrared (VIS-NIR) spectroscopy. The aim of the study was to evaluate potential environmental risk in soils subjected to high level of anthropopressure using VIS-NIR spectroscopy and to calculate several risk indexes for both individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their mixture. Results showed that regarding 16PAH concentration, 78% of soil samples were contaminated. Risk assessment using the most conservative approach based on hazard quotients (HQ) for 10 individual PAHs allowed to conclude that 62% of the study area needs further action. Application of concentration addition or response addition models for 16PAHs mixture gave a more realistic assessment and indicates unacceptable risk in 23% and 55% of soils according to toxic units (TUm) and toxic pressure (TPm) approach. Toxic equivalency quotients (TEQ) were below the safe limit for human health protection in 88% of samples from study region. We present here the first attempt at predicting risk indexes using VIS-NIR spectroscopy. The best results were obtained with binary models. The accuracy of binary model can be ordered as follows: TPm (71.6%) < HI (85.1%) < TUm (87.9%) and TEQ (94.6%). Both chemical indexes and VIS-NIR can be successfully applied for first-tier risk assessment.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Screening Risk Assessment of Agricultural Areas under a High Level of Anthropopressure Based on Chemical Indexes and VIS-NIR Spectroscopy

Klimkowicz‐Pawlas

Debaene

2020

Molecules

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“…A study conducted on farmland soils in the coking base reported that the ∑16PAHs concentration of 58.4% samples was higher than 600 ng g −1 [ 12 ], which was at a serious level of pollution. In addition, there were related reports in City of Changzhi [ 13 ], Xiangfen [ 14 ], and Xinzhou [ 15 ]. These studies were mainly limited to arable soil, and there was a lack of reporting on other types of soil pollution, such as soils in public places that were closely related to public health.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of the Soil PAHs and Health Risk Influenced by Coal Usage Processes in Taiyuan City, Northern China

Cheng

Cui

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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The quality of urban soil is closely related to the safety of public places and the guarantee of food quality. This study investigated the level, distribution, source, and carcinogenic risk of 16 U.S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban, agricultural, and montane soil in Taiyuan. The ∑16PAHs level varied from 104.78 to 6594.63 ng g−1 with a mean of 922.93 ng g−1, and 47.73% of the soil samples were severely contaminated, with a concentration higher than 600 ng g−1. PAHs with higher molecular weight (≥4 rings) were dominant in PAHs profiles accounting for 80.92%. In the spatial distribution of PAHs, hotspots of ∑16 PAHs were observed near the industries, indicating pollutants emitted by the industries directly affect the surrounding soil quality. The sources identified by positive matrix factorization (PMF) indicated: coal combustion (40.77%), vehicle exhausts (32.94%), biomass combustion (14.89%), and coking source (11.40%). Coal-related sources (coal and coking sources) were the major contributors (52.17%) to PAHs and carcinogenic risk (46.48%) assessed by BaP toxic equivalent concentration in total soils. Therefore, the extensive usage of coal was the leading factor for PAH pollution and health risk in Taiyuan soil.

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“…Agricultural land is under the pressure of PAHs contamination mainly from dry and wet atmospheric deposition (Maliszewska-Kordybach et al 2008; Holoubek et al 2009). The increased level of these hydrocarbons may cause adverse changes in the agricultural ecosystems, create unfavourable environmental conditions for soil organisms and decrease soil biodiversity (Maliszewska-Kordybach et al 2007; Liu et al 2017; Umeh et al 2017). Additionally, contamination of agricultural soils may create a risk of transfer PAH compounds into the food chain.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Triad-based screening risk assessment of the agricultural area exposed to the long-term PAHs contamination

Klimkowicz‐Pawlas

Maliszewska-Kordybach

Smreczak

2018

Environ Geochem Health

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The aim of the study was ecological risk assessment (ERA) of the agricultural soils located in the vicinity of the highly industrialized area and exposed to different emission sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In this study, we demonstrated the combination of generic and site-specific ERA approach for screening assessment and delineation of the area of a high ecological risk. Generic approach was based on a hazard quotient and indicated that 62% of the research area needs further assessment. For site-specific evaluation, the Triad approach was utilized. Information from three lines of evidence (LoE): chemical, ecotoxicological and ecological, was integrated into one environmental risk (EnvRI) index. The chemical risk was derived from toxic pressure coefficients based on the total PAHs concentration. The ecotoxicological LoE included an acute toxicity testing: the luminescent bacteria Aliivibrio fischeri activity in both liquid- and solid-phase samples and the ability of crustacean Thamnocephalus platyurus to food uptake. The ecological LoE comprised microbial parameters related to soil respiration and enzymatic activity. Integrated EnvRI index ranged from 0.44 to 0.94 and was mainly influenced by high values of chemical LoE risk, while the ecotoxicological and ecological LoE indicated no or low risk. Due to the relatively high uncertainty associated with the contradictory information given by LoEs, there is the need to confirm potential risk in a tier 2 analysis.

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in agricultural soils around the industrial city of Changzhi, China: characteristics, spatial distribution, hotspots, sources, and potential risks

Cited by 17 publications

References 44 publications

Screening Risk Assessment of Agricultural Areas under a High Level of Anthropopressure Based on Chemical Indexes and VIS-NIR Spectroscopy

Screening Risk Assessment of Agricultural Areas under a High Level of Anthropopressure Based on Chemical Indexes and VIS-NIR Spectroscopy

Distribution of the Soil PAHs and Health Risk Influenced by Coal Usage Processes in Taiyuan City, Northern China

Triad-based screening risk assessment of the agricultural area exposed to the long-term PAHs contamination

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