Polychlorinated Biphenyls: Their Effects on Penned Pheasants

Dahlgren, Robert B.; Linder, Raymond L.; Carlson, C. W.

doi:10.1289/ehp.720189

Cited by 37 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…For this study as well as recent USEPA applications (USEPA 1995(USEPA , 2000, a ringnecked pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) feeding study was selected as the most appropriate for the determination of a threshold for effects due to dietary exposure to passerine species (Dahlgren et al 1972). The ring-necked pheasant study evaluates PCB toxicology during critical reproductive life stages, is of high quality, utilizes a wild species, and was found to be one of the most sensitive bird species examined.…”

Section: Selection Of Toxicity Reference Valuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A safety factor of three was determined to be acceptable because the LOAEL was established near the threshold for effects. Several species of wild passerine birds, such as the ones examined in this study, appear to be less sensitive to PCB exposure (Thiel et al 1997;Custer et al 1998;Henning et al 2003) than domesticated galliformes on which dietary TRVs could be based (e .g., domestic chickens, ring-necked pheasant; Dahlgren et al 1972).…”

Section: Selection Of Toxicity Reference Valuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These species were selected because they represent exposure to upper-trophic level predators via different routes in the terrestrial and the aquatic food web. PCBs in the diet are known to be persistent and bioaccumulative (Kannan et al 1989) and can cause reproductive impairment (Dahlgren et al 1972), behavioral anomalies (Halbrook et al 1998), and physiological abnormalities in offspring (Ludwig et al 1993). The tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) was selected to monitor dietary exposure to passerines primarily through the aquatic food web because it had been used in other studies and found to be suitable (Ankley et al 1993;Jones et al 1993;Froese et al 1998;Bishop et al 1999;McCarty and Secord 1999;Harris and Elliott 2000;Custer et al 2002), it tolerates handling (Rendell and Robertson 1990), and individuals are relatively abundant along the river.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exposure and Multiple Lines of Evidence Assessment of Risk for PCBs Found in the Diets of Passerine Birds at the Kalamazoo River Superfund Site, Michigan

Neigh

Zwiernik

Blankenship

et al. 2006

Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal

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Dietary exposures of passerine birds at the Kalamazoo River, Michigan, were examined due to the presence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the terrestrial and aquatic food webs. Average potential daily doses in diets were 6-to 29-fold and 16-to 35-fold greater at a contaminated location than at a reference location for PCB exposures quantified as total PCBs and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p -dioxin equivalents (TEQs), respectively. Birds with diets comprised of primarily aquatic insects had greater dietary exposure than birds with diets of primarily terrestrial insects. Risk associated with dietary exposure varied with the selection of the threshold for effects including hazard quotients, which exceeded 1 in instances where the most conservative toxicity reference values were utilized. Risk based on concentrations of PCBs in the tissues indicated little risk to avian species, and co-located studies evaluating reproductive health did not suggest that observed incidences of diminished reproductive success were related to PCB exposure. Measures of risk based on comparison to toxicity reference values (TRVs) were consistent with direct measures of ecologically relevant endpoints of reproductive fitness, but uncertainty exists in the selection of threshold values for effects in these species especially based on TEQs. This is largely due to the absence of species-specific, dose-response relationships. Therefore, the best estimate of risk is through the application of multiple lines of evidence. INTRODUCTIONThe purpose of this study was to describe the exposure pathways for passerine birds exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) at the Kalamazoo River and to estimate risk associated with PCBs through those pathways. A secondary goal was to compare the two established methodologies for estimating exposure and subsequent risk. Finally, the results of the risk assessments based on the two methods of estimating exposure were compared to measures of reproductive fitness at the more PCB-contaminated site and the less contaminated, upstream reference location. The first method for estimating exposure, the "top-down" approach, measured concentrations of PCBs in the eggs, nestlings, and adults of each species. The other approach, which predicts exposure based on concentrations of PCBs in dietary items, is referred to as "bottom-up" (Fairbrother 2003). The two approaches, although inherently linked, have become disjointed in the risk evaluation process. The reason for this separation is often related to constraints on funding and time, but the assessor cannot be unequivocally assured that their selection of methodology does not overlook some important interaction in determining risk, or for that matter, does not over or underestimate risk based on uncertainties due to the adjustment of models from the given data.It has been suggested that several lines of evidence be used to evaluate risk instead of implementing only one type of methodology (Fairbrother 2003). However, it may not always be possible to apply mult...

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Section: Selection Of Toxicity Reference Valuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Selection Of Toxicity Reference Valuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exposure and Multiple Lines of Evidence Assessment of Risk for PCBs Found in the Diets of Passerine Birds at the Kalamazoo River Superfund Site, Michigan

Neigh

Zwiernik

Blankenship

et al. 2006

Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal

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“…The American woodcock NOAEL and LOAEL are based on a study in which ring-necked pheasants were fed Aroclor-1254 for 17 weeks (Dahlgren et al 1972). A dose level of 1.8 mg/kg/d, designated as the chronic LOAEL, caused a significant reduction in egg hatchability.…”

Section: Pcbsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mink are one of the most susceptible mammals; dietary levels as low as 0.1 ppm fresh weight have caused death and reproductive toxicity (Eisler 1986 (Dahlgren et al 1972). Because this study considered exposure throughout a critical lifestage (reproduction), the 12.5 mghirdweek dose was considered to be a chronic LOAEL.…”

Section: D-7mentioning

confidence: 99%

Preliminary assessment of the ecological risks to wide-ranging wildlife species on the Oak Ridge Reservation

Sample¹,

Baron²,

Jackson³

1995

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DlSTRlBUTlON OF Q S T IThis report has been reproduced directly from the best available copy.Available to DOE DISCLAIMERThis report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, make any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein t o any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. DISCLAIMER 2-2 G-40Soil-plant uptake factors fiom collocated soil and plant samples collected G-52Soil-plant organic contaminant uptake factors using octanol water F-18HQs for contaminants of potential concern for white-tailed deer on the ORR ..... ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis report is the result of the efforts, contributions, and support of many persons. We are grateful to Sigurd Christensen, Craig Brandt, Michelle Bell, and John Fackenthal for their work in identi%@, locating, and acquiring data for use in this assessment. We also thank all of the ER personnel who responded to requests for data and provided input and support. We thank the following for providing us with their data and aiding in it's interpretation: George Southworth, Mark Peterson, Walter Hill, Rich Stevens, Chuck Hadden, Pat Ryon, Christy Anderson, Robert Brewer, Dick Halbrook, Chris Welsh, and Jim Evans. Brent Ziegler and John Paul Van Stone provided technical support. All maps were produced by Robert Washington-Allen. Finally, this report has benefitted from the reviews of Glenn Suter and Tom Ashwood. xv i EXECUTIVE SUMMARYHistorically, ecological risk assessment at CERCLA sites [such as the Oak Ridge Reservation (OW)], has focused on species that may be definitively associated with a Contaminated area or source operable unit. This is necessary to identify areas where risk is sufficiently high to warrant remediation. Consequently the species that are generally considered are those with home ranges small enough such that multiple individuals or a distinct population can be expected to reside within the boundaries of the contaminated site. This approach is adequate for sites with single, discrete areas of contamination that only provide habitat for species with limited spatial (e.g., small home range) requirements. This approach is not adequate however for large sites with multiple, spatially separated contaminated areas that provide habitat for wide-ranging wildlife species. Because wide-ranging wildlife species may travel between and use multiple contaminate...

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Chlorierte Biphenyle [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 1978]

2012

The MAK‐Collection for Occupational Health and Safety

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Veröffentlicht in der Reihe Gesundheitsschädliche Arbeitsstoffe , 6. Lieferung, Ausgabe 1978 Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel: Allgemeiner Wirkungscharakter Wirkungsmuster Metabolismus Erfahrungen beim Menschen Nichtberufliche Vergiftungen Berufliche Exposition Krebsbefunde Tierexperimentelle Befunde Akute Toxizität Chronische Toxizität Zur Frage eines MAK‐Wertes

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Polychlorinated Biphenyls: Their Effects on Penned Pheasants

Cited by 37 publications

References 19 publications

Exposure and Multiple Lines of Evidence Assessment of Risk for PCBs Found in the Diets of Passerine Birds at the Kalamazoo River Superfund Site, Michigan

Exposure and Multiple Lines of Evidence Assessment of Risk for PCBs Found in the Diets of Passerine Birds at the Kalamazoo River Superfund Site, Michigan

Preliminary assessment of the ecological risks to wide-ranging wildlife species on the Oak Ridge Reservation

Chlorierte Biphenyle [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 1978]

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