Polychlorinated Biphenyl Concentrations in Adult Chinook Salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha</i>) Returning to Coastal and Puget Sound Hatcheries of Washington State

Missildine, Brian R.; Peters, Roger J.; Chin-Leo, Gerardo; Houck, Douglas

doi:10.1021/es0506408

Cited by 18 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…In addition to Duwamish chinook, concentrations of PCBs were also relatively high in chinook salmon from the Columbia River and Yaquina Bay. Interestingly, PCB concentrations in the juvenile chinook salmon we sampled were quite similar to concentrations reported in returning adult chinook salmon from Washington State (Missildine et al, 2005). Mean concentrations of PCBs in adult chinook ranged from 48-50 ng/g ww in salmon returning to Puget Sound hatcheries (Deschutes and Issaquah), and from 15-29 ng/g ww in salmon returning to coastal hatcheries (Makah and Quinault).…”

Section: Site-related Differences In Contaminant Body Burdenssupporting

confidence: 66%

Contaminant exposure in outmigrant juvenile salmon from Pacific Northwest estuaries of the United States

Johnson

Ylitalo

Arkoosh

et al. 2006

Environ Monit Assess

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To better understand the dynamics of contaminant uptake in outmigrant juvenile salmon in the Pacific Northwest, concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), DDTs, polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine pesticides were measured in tissues and prey of juvenile chinook and coho salmon from several estuaries and hatcheries in the US Pacific Northwest. PCBs, DDTs, and PAHs were found in tissues (whole bodies or bile) and stomach contents of chinook and coho salmon sampled from all estuaries, as well as in chinook salmon from hatcheries. Organochlorine pesticides were detected less frequently. Of the two species sampled, chinook salmon had the highest whole body contaminant concentrations, typically 2--5 times higher than coho salmon from the same sites. In comparison to estuarine chinook salmon, body burdens of PCBs and DDTs in hatchery chinook were relatively high, in part because of the high lipid content of the hatchery fish. Concentrations of PCBs were highest in chinook salmon from the Duwamish Estuary, the Columbia River and Yaquina Bay, exceeding the NOAA Fisheries' estimated threshold for adverse health effects of 2400 ng/g lipid. Concentrations of DDTs were especially high in juvenile chinook salmon from the Columbia River and Nisqually Estuary; concentrations of PAH metabolites in bile were highest in chinook salmon from the Duwamish Estuary and Grays Harbor. Juvenile chinook salmon are likely absorbing some contaminants during estuarine residence through their prey, as PCBs, PAHs, and DDTs were consistently present in stomach contents, at concentrations significantly correlated with contaminant body burdens in fish from the same sites.

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Section: Site-related Differences In Contaminant Body Burdenssupporting

confidence: 66%

Contaminant exposure in outmigrant juvenile salmon from Pacific Northwest estuaries of the United States

Johnson

Ylitalo

Arkoosh

et al. 2006

Environ Monit Assess

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“…While it would be interesting to compare these values with contaminant concentrations in juvenile salmon from river systems outside the Pacific Northwest, these data are lacking. A number of studies have been conducted on concentrations of bioaccumulative contaminants in adult salmon in other river systems (e.g., Jackson et al 2001;Missildine et al 2005;Kelly et al 2007Kelly et al , 2011Montory et al 2010), but there is little comparable information on out-migrating juveniles.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Persistent Organic Pollutants in Juvenile Chinook Salmon in the Columbia River Basin: Implications for Stock Recovery

et al. 2012

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Among the populations of Pacific salmon and steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss (anadromous Rainbow Trout) that inhabit the Columbia River basin there are currently 13 Evolutionarily Significant Units listed as threatened or endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. While habitat loss, dams, overharvest, and climate change have been implicated in declining abundance of Chinook Salmon O. tshawytscha in the Columbia River, chemical contaminants represent an additional, yet poorly understood, conservation threat. In this study we measured concentrations of persistent organic pollutants in juvenile Chinook Salmon from various Columbia River stocks and life history types to evaluate the potential for adverse effects in these threatened and endangered fish. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDTs), recognized contaminants of concern in the Columbia basin, are the primary focus of this paper; other contaminants found in these fish, such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, are described in other publications. We frequently detected PCBs and DDTs in juvenile salmon and salmon diet samples from the lower Columbia River and estuary. In some cases, concentrations in salmon were above estimated thresholds for effects on growth and survival. The tidal freshwater portion of the estuary, between Portland, Oregon, and Longview, Washington, appeared to be an important source of contaminants for juvenile salmon and a region in which salmon were exposed to toxicants associated with urban development and industrial activity. Highest concentrations of PCBs were found in fall Chinook Salmon stocks with subyearling life histories, including populations from the upper Columbia and Snake rivers, which feed and rear in the tidal freshwater and estuarine portions of the river for extended periods. Spring Chinook Salmon stocks with yearling life histories that migrate more rapidly through the estuary generally had low PCB concentrations, but high concentrations of DDTs. Lipid content was low (<1%) in many of the fish examined, contributing to high lipid‐adjusted contaminants concentrations in some samples.

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“…These field sites are often contaminated with a host of organic compounds such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), as well as trace metals (Dexter et al, 1985; PSAT, 2007a). Locally in the Pacific Northwest, fish from various trophic levels residing in urbanized waterways of the Puget Sound have received relatively high exposures to pollutants (Missildine et al, 2005; PSAT, 2007a). Pollutant exposures are of particular concern to sensitive species such as Pacific salmon, including Chinook ( Oncorhynchus tschawytscha ), sockeye ( O. nerka ), and coho ( O. kisutch ), whose populations are in decline.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The scenarios under which Pacific salmon are most likely to receive exposure to anthropogenic chemicals include migratory passage through urbanized waterways or return to natal streams (Missildine et al, 2005). The impacted waterway selected for the present study has a history of pollution from point and non-point sources and is an important navigational passage for several species of local salmonids.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In situ biomonitoring of juvenile Chinook salmon (Onchorhynchus tshawytscha) using biomarkers of chemical exposures and effects in a partially remediated urbanized waterway of the Puget Sound, WA

Browne¹,

Kelley²,

Zhou³

et al. 2010

Environmental Research

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In situ biomonitoring has been used to assess the effects of pollution on aquatic species in heavily polluted waterways. In the current study, we used in situ biomonitoring in conjunction with molecular biomarker analysis to determine the effects of pollutant exposure in salmon caged in the Duwamish waterway, a Pacific Northwest Superfund site that has been subject to remediation. The Duwamish waterway is an important migratory route for Pacific salmon and has received historic inputs of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Juvenile pre-smolt Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) caged for 8 days in the three contaminated sites in close proximity within the Duwamish were analyzed for steady state hepatic mRNA expression of 7 exposure biomarker genes encompassing several gene families and known to be responsive to pollutants, including cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) and CYP2K1, glutathione S-transferase π class (GST pi), microsomal GST (mGST), glutamylcysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC), UDP-glucuronyltransferase family 1 (UDPGT), and type 2 deiodinase (type 2 DI, or D2). Quantitation of gene expression was accomplished by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in assays developed specifically for Chinook salmon genes. Gill PAH-DNA adducts were assessed as a chemical effects biomarker using 32P-postlabeling. The biomarkers in the field-caged fish were analyzed with respect to caged animals maintained at the hatchery receiving flow-through water. Chemical analysis of sediment samples from three field sampling sites revealed relatively high concentrations of total PAHs in one site (site B2, 6711 ng/g dry weight) and somewhat lower concentrations of PAHs in two adjacent sites (sites B3 and B4, 1482 and 1987 ng/g, respectively). In contrast, waterborne PAHs at all of the sampling sites were relatively low (<1 ng/L). Sediment PCBs at the sites ranged from a low of 421 ng/g at site B3, to 1160 ng/g at site B4, and there were no detectable waterborne PCBs at any of the sites (detection limit=10 ng/L). There were no significant differences (P<0.05) in biomarker gene expression in the Duwamish-caged fish relative to controls, although there was a pattern of gene expression suppression at site B3, the most heavily PAH-enriched site. The lack of a marked perturbation of mRNA biomarkers was consistent with relatively low levels of gill PAH-DNA adduct levels that did not differ among caged reference and field fish, and which were also consistent with relatively low waterborne concentrations of chemicals. The results of our study suggest a low bioavailability of sediment pollutants in caged juvenile Chinook potentially reflecting low waterborne exposures occurring at contaminated sites within the Duwamish waterway that have undergone partial remediation.

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Polychlorinated Biphenyl Concentrations in Adult Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) Returning to Coastal and Puget Sound Hatcheries of Washington State

Cited by 18 publications

References 18 publications

Contaminant exposure in outmigrant juvenile salmon from Pacific Northwest estuaries of the United States

Contaminant exposure in outmigrant juvenile salmon from Pacific Northwest estuaries of the United States

Persistent Organic Pollutants in Juvenile Chinook Salmon in the Columbia River Basin: Implications for Stock Recovery

In situ biomonitoring of juvenile Chinook salmon (Onchorhynchus tshawytscha) using biomarkers of chemical exposures and effects in a partially remediated urbanized waterway of the Puget Sound, WA

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