Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and alternative flame retardants (NFRs) in indoor and outdoor air and indoor dust from Istanbul-Turkey: Levels and an assessment of human exposure

Kurt-Karakuş, Perihan Binnur; Alegria, Henry A.; Jantunen, Liisa M.; Birgül, Aşkın; Topcu, Aslinur; Jones, Kevin C.; Turgut, Cafer

doi:10.1016/j.apr.2017.01.010

Cited by 67 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 96 publications

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“…For NFRs, only PBEB, s-and a-DDC-CO in the EFD samples showed significant correlations (r = 0.47 -0.68, p < 0.05) with the number of electronics, probably due to their wide usage in electronics (Sverko et al, 2011). Although BTBPE was used as a replacement for the octa-BDE formulation by the end of 2004 (Kurt-Karakus et al, 2017), no correlation were observed with BDE-183 in the current study. Additionally, median concentrations of BTBPE in EFD of the indoor microenvironments (0.80 -3.0 ng/g) and the outdoor dust (0.20 -0.26 ng/g) were much lower than median concentrations of BDE-183 (2.2 -25 ng/g and 0.50 -2.50 ng/g respectively), which may be related to the limited usage of the octa-PBDE formulation in the imported goods in Egypt.…”

Section: Indoorcontrasting

confidence: 64%

“…PBDEs and NFRs have been detected in the indoor air (Al-Omran and Harrad, 2016;Cao et al, 2014;Fromme et al, 2014;Hassan and Shoeib, 2015;Kademoglou et al, 2017;Shoeib et al, 2012) and outdoor air and dust worldwide (Kurt-Karakus et al, 2017;Mahmood et al, 2015;McDonough et al, 2016;Salamova et al, 2014). The indoor environment with expected higher concentrations and longer exposure periods received special attention (Wilford et al, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The majority of the indoor studies concentrated on the floor dust (FD) (Ali et al, 2013;Cequier et al, 2014;Dodson et al, 2012;Fromme et al, 2014;Hassan and Shoeib, 2015;Kurt-Karakus et al, 2017;Shoeib et al, 2012). Few studies investigated (elevated) fine dust collected ~ 1 meter above the ground (Al-Omran and Harrad, 2016;Newton et al, 2015;Thuresson et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Selected organohalogenated flame retardants in Egyptian indoor and outdoor environments: Levels, sources and implications for human exposure

Khairy

Lohmann

2018

Science of The Total Environment

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There is scant information on the presence of the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and other alternative flame-retardants (NFRs) in Africa. Hence, to investigate their levels, sources, and human exposure scenarios, elevated fine dust (EFD) samples from apartments (n = 12), working places (n = 9) and cars (n = 12), floor dust (FD) samples (n = 5) and outdoor dust samples (n = 21) were collected from Alexandria, Egypt, during 2014. Gaseous concentrations were estimated using low density polyethylene sheets (n = 33 and 21 for indoor and outdoor sites, respectively). Indoor gaseous and dust PBDE (7.0-300 pg/m; 4.0-770 ng/g), and NFR (0.40-48 pg/m; 0.50-8.5 ng/g) concentrations were significantly higher (p = 0.004-0.02) than outdoor concentrations (PBDEs: 3.0-41 pg/m, 1.5-195 ng/g; NFRs: 0.20-13 pg/m, 0.50-4.0 ng/g). Median PBDE concentration in cars (210 ng/g) was higher than in apartments and working places (130  ng/g respectively). PBDE concentrations in FD were 7.0-14-folds lower than EFD concentrations. Outdoor PBDE concentrations were significantly higher (p < 0.01) at residential-industrial places with older buildings. All samples were dominated by BDE-47 and 99. HBB, BTBPE and DDC-CO were the most abundant NFRs in EFD samples. Profiles of PBDE and NFR in FD closely matched those of outdoor dust, indicating a possible carryover from the outdoor environment. Although factors such as number of electronics, construction year and floor type significantly correlated with the majority of PBDE congeners and some NFRs in apartments and working places, sources were not clearly identified for NFRs. Significant log-linear relationships were obtained between theoretical and calculated dust-air partitioning coefficients for all samples indicating an equilibrium state between dust and vapor. Low possibility of occurrence of adverse health effects was concluded, with the inhalation pathway (for adults) and dust ingestion (for children) acting as the most important exposure routes.

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Section: Indoorcontrasting

confidence: 64%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Selected organohalogenated flame retardants in Egyptian indoor and outdoor environments: Levels, sources and implications for human exposure

Khairy

Lohmann

2018

Science of The Total Environment

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“…Numerous high-brominated compounds also showed negative correlations (P < 0.05) with temperature, with much lower correlation coefficient than those in low-brominated ones. These were consistent with previous studies [21,53,58] which demonstrated that temperature is an essential factor on the release of BFRs [59]. Generally, low-brominated compounds are more likely to be affected by temperature than high-brominated congeners.…”

Section: Seasonal Variations and Temperature Effect Of Bfrssupporting

confidence: 92%

“…BTBPE showed significant correlations with most of the BFR homologues and the highest coefficient were found in Hexa-, Hepta-and Octa-BDE (Additional file 1: Tables S4-S7). This was consistent with prior observations as BTBPE is a replacement for commercial Octa-BDE mixtures [52,53]. Higher correlations were observed among homologues with similar number of bromine, such as Tetra-, Penta-and Hexa-BDE (r = 0.675-0.955, P < 0.01), or Octa-, Nona-, and Deca-BDE (r = 0.562-0.873, P < 0.01).…”

Section: Congener Profiles Of Bfrssupporting

confidence: 91%

Seasonal distribution, gas–particle partitioning and inhalation exposure of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in gas and particle phases

et al. 2019

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Background: Atmosphere is one of the sources and sinks to gas-and particle-bound brominated flame retardants (BFRs). Therefore, BFRs can enter human body via inhalation. In the present study, 79 of gas-and particle-phase samples (TSP, PM 10 and PM 2.5) were collected during 2015-2016 in urban area of Shanghai, China to investigate the occurrence of 25 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDEs) congeners, hexabromobenzene (HBB) and 1,2-bis(2,4,6tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE). Results: The total concentrations of BFRs ranged from 0.66 to 13.7 pg/m 3 , 25.82 to 376.27 pg/m 3 , 14.58 to 365.49 pg/ m 3 and 15.17 to 304.89 pg/m 3 in gas, TSP, PM 10 and PM 2.5 , respectively. HBB was the main compound in gas phase; while BDE-209 was the dominant congener in particle phase. Atmospheric BFRs in winter was much lower than in summer, while particle phase showed opposite seasonal tendency. Conclusions: Clausius-Clapeyron equation suggested that BTBPE, BDE-28,-66,-99,-100, and-154 were more driven by temperature and evaporated from local contamination. Higher-brominated congeners tended to be absorbed in particle phase, while low-brominated compounds partitioned in both gas and particle phases. Gas/particle partitioning results showed that absorption into the aerosol organic matter was the dominant process for BFRs. The inhalation health risk assessment demonstrated that the hazard quotient (HQs) for most PBDEs in winter was higher than in summer.

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Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs): Sources, Types, Impacts, and Their Remediation

Akhtar

Naseem

Yasar

et al. 2021

Environmental and Microbial Biotechnology

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Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and alternative flame retardants (NFRs) in indoor and outdoor air and indoor dust from Istanbul-Turkey: Levels and an assessment of human exposure

Cited by 67 publications

References 96 publications

Selected organohalogenated flame retardants in Egyptian indoor and outdoor environments: Levels, sources and implications for human exposure

Selected organohalogenated flame retardants in Egyptian indoor and outdoor environments: Levels, sources and implications for human exposure

Seasonal distribution, gas–particle partitioning and inhalation exposure of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in gas and particle phases

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs): Sources, Types, Impacts, and Their Remediation

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