Polybrominated biphenyl ethers in breast milk and infant formula from Shanghai, China: Temporal trends, daily intake, and risk assessment

Zhang, Xiaolan; Zhang, Kaiqiong; Yang, Dan; Ma, Li; Lei, Bingli; Zhang, Xinyu; Zhou, Jing; Fang, Xiangming; Yu, Yingxin

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.08.034

Cited by 29 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…The EDI values determined in Brazil for ∑ PBDEs (12.78 and 19.77 ng/kg/day) were higher than the reported values by Fromme et al (2022) [ 40 ] in Germany (6.7 ng/kg/day). However, these values were smaller than those found in China (49.34 ng/kg/day and 35.3 ng/kg/day) and the United States (176 ng/kg/day) in previous years [ 31 , 33 , 47 ]. These statements confirm the trend in the reduction in the PBDE levels in the breast milk/human samples, and consequently a decrease in infant exposure over the years.…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 57%

Potential Health Risk to Brazilian Infants by Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers Exposure via Breast Milk Intake

Souza

Devóz

Ximenez

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are ubiquitous flame retardants and are environmentally persistent. PBDEs show endocrine disruption, neurotoxicity, and lower birth weight in infants, and their human body burden has become a public health concern. The infants’ exposure begins in the prenatal period and continues via breast milk ingestion, although, little is known about the factors that may influence this exposure. In this study, PBDE levels in Brazilian breast milk were assessed in 200 lactating women. The risk assessment of infants’ exposure to PBDE was performed through the estimated daily intake (EDI) calculation. The geometric mean (GM) of ∑PBDEs levels was 2.33 (0.14–6.05) ng/g wet weight. At least one PBDE congener was detected in the samples, and the 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) showed a 100% of detection rate (GM of 1.05 ng/g). Location of residence, maternal level education, monthly salary, and race were positively associated with PBDE levels (p < 0.05). The EDI of BDE-47 was higher in Belo Horizonte (8.29 ng/kg/day) than in Viçosa (6.36 ng/kg/day), as well as for the ∑PBDEs (19.77 versus 12.78 ng/kg/day) (p < 0.05). Taking the high detection rate of PBDEs in breast milk and their toxicity, continuous studies on infant exposure, fetal growth, and child neurodevelopment are requested.

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Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 57%

Potential Health Risk to Brazilian Infants by Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers Exposure via Breast Milk Intake

Souza

Devóz

Ximenez

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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“…The median DI breast of ∑NEOs (45.3 ng/kg bw/d) was higher than the median DI formula‑MW (36.5 ng/kg bw/d), which indicates that breast-fed infants tend to have higher exposure to NEOs (Figure ). Previous studies have also reported higher exposure to polybrominated biphenyl ethers, organochlorine compounds, and perchlorate among breast-fed infants than in formula-fed infants. However, the dissolved infant formula samples contained higher median concentrations of ACE and THD relative to breast milk, and the DI formula‑MW values for these NEOs were higher than the DI breast values (Figure ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 81%

Infantile Internal and External Exposure to Neonicotinoid Insecticides: A Comparison of Levels across Various Sources

Zhang

Wang

Zhu

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Little is known about exposure of infants to neonicotinoid insecticides (NEOs). In this study, concentrations of six parent NEOs (p-NEOs) and N-desmethyl-acetamiprid (N-dm-ACE) were measured in urine and whole blood samples from infants, in addition to breast milk, infant formula, and tap water collected in South China. The p-NEO with the highest median concentration in urine (0.25 ng/mL) and blood (1.30) samples was dinotefuran (DIN), while imidacloprid (IMI) was abundant in breast milk (median: 0.27 ng/mL), infant formula (0.22), and tap water (0.028). The older infants (181–360 days) might face higher NEO and N-dm-ACE exposure than younger infants (0–180 days). Blood samples contained a significantly (p < 0.01) higher median concentration of ∑6 p-NEOs (2.03 ng/mL) than that of urine samples (0.41), similar to acetamiprid (ACE), IMI, thiacloprid (THD), DIN, and N-dm-ACE, suggesting that NEOs readily partition into blood. Furthermore, breast-fed infants tend to have higher exposure levels than formula-fed infants. Infant formula prepared with tap water augmented the daily intake of ∑NEOs. The external sources contributed 80% of the total dose to IMI and clothianidin (CLO) exposure, while other unknown sources contributed to ACE, THD, and DIN exposure in infants. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to assess levels and sources of infantile exposure to NEOs through internal and external exposure assessment.

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“…The European Food Safety Authority has only set a limit for benzo( a )pyrene in infant formula, and the Chinese national food safety standards contain only limits for benzo( a )pyrene and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) . Persistent organic pollutants including dioxins, PCB, polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE), polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organochlorine pesticides, and hexachlorobenzene have been well studied in infant formula. − The data on PCNs in bovine milk, infant formulas, and adult milk powders is lacking; few studies have been conducted on the estimated infant formula intakes of PCNs and risk assessment. It is necessary to determine the concentrations and congener patterns of PCNs in infant formula.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Target Analysis of Polychlorinated Naphthalenes and Nontarget Screening of Organic Chemicals in Bovine Milk, Infant Formula, and Adult Milk Powder by High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry

Qi,

Zhang,

Jin

et al. 2023

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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Infant formula is intended as an effective substitute for breast milk but is the main source of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) to nonbreastfed infants. We performed target and nontarget analyses to determine PCNs and identify other organic contaminants in infant formula. The mean PCN concentrations in infant formula, milk powder, and bovine milk were 106.1, 88.8, and 78.2 μg kg −1 of dry weight, respectively. The PCN congener profiles indicated that thermal processes and raw materials were probably the main sources of PCNs in infant formula. A health risk assessment indicated that PCNs in infant formula do not pose health risks to infants. Using gas chromatography−Orbitrap mass spectrometry, 352, 372, and 161 organic chemicals were identified in the infant formula, milk powder, and bovine milk samples, respectively. Phthalate esters were detected in all four plasticpacked milk powder samples. The results indicated milk becomes more contaminated with organic chemicals during manufacturing, processing, and packaging.

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Polybrominated biphenyl ethers in breast milk and infant formula from Shanghai, China: Temporal trends, daily intake, and risk assessment

Cited by 29 publications

References 56 publications

Potential Health Risk to Brazilian Infants by Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers Exposure via Breast Milk Intake

Potential Health Risk to Brazilian Infants by Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers Exposure via Breast Milk Intake

Infantile Internal and External Exposure to Neonicotinoid Insecticides: A Comparison of Levels across Various Sources

Target Analysis of Polychlorinated Naphthalenes and Nontarget Screening of Organic Chemicals in Bovine Milk, Infant Formula, and Adult Milk Powder by High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry

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