Polybacterial immunomodulator Respivax restores the inductive function of innate immunity in patients with recurrent respiratory infections

Nikolova, Maria; Stankulova, Draganka; Taskov, Hristo; Nenkov, P.; Максимов, В. Н.; Петрунов, Богдан

doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2009.01.004

Cited by 10 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Products with immunostimulant properties have been reported to activate immune cells with receptors that recognize common bacterial products or to provide additional stimulation to activate them. 77 For instance, 2 bacterial lysates have been shown to activate TLR2, 78,79 and levamisole may do the same. 80 In another study, OM-85 induced interleukin-1beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) in murine macrophages by activating TLR4 and TLR2 via the ERK1/2/NF kappa B pathway.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunostimulants for preventing respiratory tract infection in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Berber¹,

Del-Río-Navarro²,

Reyes-Noriega³

et al. 2022

World Allergy Organization Journal

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunostimulants for preventing respiratory tract infection in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Berber¹,

Del-Río-Navarro²,

Reyes-Noriega³

et al. 2022

World Allergy Organization Journal

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“…90% of patients taking three months of sublingual bacterial preparation MV140, consisting of four common inactivated uropathogens for recurrent urinary tract infections, were protected from relapse infections, while every patient prescribed six months of prophylactic antibiotics experienced relapses [78]. Patients with chronic, recurrent respiratory infections have lower surface expression levels of TLR2 and CD14 on their circulating monocytes, but oral administration of Respivax, a formulation of six respiratory pathogens, restores these levels to match the healthy controls [79], demonstrating trained immunity-like effects. In vitro stimulation with polyvalent bacterial lysate, prepared with six common respiratory pathogens, induced dose-dependent production of NO in murine alveolar macrophages and increased transcription of pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines, NO synthase, and antimicrobial peptides in human epithelial cells [80].…”

Section: Future Directions In Exploiting Trained Immunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Lessons from Bacillus Calmette-Guérin: Harnessing Trained Immunity for Vaccine Development

Pasco

Anguíta

2020

Cells

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Vaccine design traditionally focuses on inducing adaptive immune responses against a sole target pathogen. Considering that many microbes evade innate immune mechanisms to initiate infection, and in light of the discovery of epigenetically mediated innate immune training, the paradigm of vaccine design has the potential to change. The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine induces some level of protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) while stimulating trained immunity that correlates with lower mortality and increased protection against unrelated pathogens. This review will explore BCG-induced trained immunity, including the required pathways to establish this phenotype. Additionally, potential methods to improve or expand BCG trained immunity effects through alternative vaccine delivery and formulation methods will be discussed. Finally, advances in new anti-Mtb vaccines, other antimicrobial uses for BCG, and “innate memory-based vaccines” will be examined.

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“…In India, an ether extract of metabolites of nine bacteria, namely ß‐streptococcus , Staphylococcus albus , Staphylococcus aureus , Escherichia coli , Haemophilus influenza , Moraxella catarrhalis , Salmonella typhi (standard O & H), Salmonella paratyphi (A & B), and Diptheroid bacilli, combined with bile lipids is marketed as Sterodin (Union Drug Co. Ltd., Kolkata, India) and has been licensed as an immunostimulatory preparation . According to several published studies, extracts from these bacterial species used individually or in different combinations have proved to be potent immune‐stimulators . The contents of each extract depend on the method of its preparation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the presence of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate in bacterial metabolites used as immunostimulators and its role in nitric oxide induction

Singh

Bhattacharyya

2015

Microbiology and Immunology

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Bacterial metabolites that act as immunostimulators have aroused interest because of their therapeutic potential in several immune disorders. These metabolites are complex, heterogeneous, and comprise numerous immune-boosting biomolecules. To better understand their immune stimulatory properties, characterization of their components is essential. An ether extract of metabolites from nine bacterial species was analyzed for the presence of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) or other fluorophores. This metabolite in combination with bile lipids is a licensed immune stimulatory drug. Excitation of the extract at 340 nm resulted in fluorescence with an emission maximum of around 410 nm, which is fairly specific for NADH and NADPH. Reverse-phase-HPLC and electro-spray ionization-mass analysis confirmed the presence of NADPH in the bacterial metabolites. Quantification by glutathione reductase assay indicated 11.90 AE 0.01 mM of NADPH in the metabolites. Further characterization of the individual bacterial extracts of the metabolite confirmed the presence of NADPH. Subsequently, studies were performed to evaluate the role/s of NADPH in immune-stimulatory drugs. NADPH is known to be involved in production of nitric oxide (NO), which has versatile roles in the immune system. The biological function of NADPH in NO induction by RAW 264.7 (mouse macrophage) cells was evaluated and it was found that bacterial NADPH has a significant role in inducing NO and that NADPH from individual bacterial extracts is capable of inducing NO. Investigation on the stability and biological potency of NADPH in bacterial metabolites is important because of NADPH's wide therapeutic applications, most of which are associated with its role in NO induction.

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Polybacterial immunomodulator Respivax restores the inductive function of innate immunity in patients with recurrent respiratory infections

Cited by 10 publications

References 57 publications

Immunostimulants for preventing respiratory tract infection in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Immunostimulants for preventing respiratory tract infection in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Lessons from Bacillus Calmette-Guérin: Harnessing Trained Immunity for Vaccine Development

Evaluation of the presence of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate in bacterial metabolites used as immunostimulators and its role in nitric oxide induction

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