Polyanion‐Type Electrode Materials for Sodium‐Ion Batteries

Ni, Qiao; Bai, Ying; Wu, Feng; Wu, Chuan

doi:10.1002/advs.201600275

Cited by 421 publications

(283 citation statements)

References 192 publications

(66 reference statements)

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“…[143][144][145] Unlike Li-free P2-type Na cathodes, Li substitution can effectively delay the observed P2-O2 phase transition to higher voltage, so that local O2 stacking faults appeared in the partially de-intercalated P2-Na x Li 0.12 Ni 0.22 Mn 0.66 O 2 compound at 4.4 V. By using 7 Li solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, the migration of lithium from the transition metal layers to O2-type sodium layers between 4.1 and 4.4 V could be directly observed. [143] Besides the TM layer shearing behavior, a large number of Na vacant sites formed in the interlayer space, leading to highly hygroscopic end-of-charge phases.…”

Section: Ni/mn-based Oxidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Note that it is difficult for SIBs to bypass LIBs in terms of energy densities because of the much higher weight of Na and lower standard electrochemical potential. [7][8][9][10] Nevertheless, the use of low-cost materials, including inexpensive Na-based raw materials and Al current collectors for both cathodes and anodes in SIBs, could significantly reduce the cost. In this case, SIBs could be applied where cost-effectiveness rather than energy density is the most critical issue, e.g., in the field of large-scale EES.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Layered Oxide Cathodes for Sodium‐Ion Batteries: Phase Transition, Air Stability, and Performance

Wang

You

Yin

et al. 2017

Advanced Energy Materials

616

464

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sources into large-scale grids, inexpensive, efficient, and fast-responding electrical energy storage (EES) systems are essential to store the off-peak energy and releasing the stored energy during the onpeak period. Among various EES systems, rechargeable batteries represent one of the most competitive technologies because of their high conversion efficiency and environmental friendliness. [1][2][3][4] For stationary EES systems, batteries with low cost, high safety, high rate capability, and long cycle stability are highly desired.Lithium (Li)-ion batteries (LIBs) have achieved great success in the market of portable electronics and electric vehicles since their commercialization by Sony Company in 1991. However, the shortage of Li resources in nature gives rise to a concern about its sustainable development in grid scale. Compared with Li, sodium resource has rich natural abundance in the earth crust and a worldwide distribution, consequently leading to a low price of sodium-based raw materials (e.g., the cost of Na 2 CO 3 is about 25-30 times lower than that of Li 2 CO 3 ). Besides, sodium has a suitable redox potential (E 0 (Na + /Na) = −2.71 V versus standard hydrogen electrode (SHE), 0.3 V above that of Li + /Li) and similar physical and chemical properties with lithium. [5,6] Therefore, rechargeable sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), which have a similar "rockingchair" working principle of LIBs, are emerging as an appealing choice as alternatives for LIBs. Note that it is difficult for SIBs to bypass LIBs in terms of energy densities because of the much higher weight of Na and lower standard electrochemical potential. [7][8][9][10] Nevertheless, the use of low-cost materials, including inexpensive Na-based raw materials and Al current collectors for both cathodes and anodes in SIBs, could significantly reduce the cost. In this case, SIBs could be applied where cost-effectiveness rather than energy density is the most critical issue, e.g., in the field of large-scale EES. As a result, sodiumbased electroactive materials are enjoying renewed interest especially for very low cost systems for grid storage. [11,12] Given that cathode materials are the key component that determines energy density and cost, tremendous efforts have been devoted to exploring suitable positive electrode materials with high reversible capacity, rapid Na ions insertion/extraction, and good cycling stability in the past few years. [13,14] A broad range of compounds, including layered oxides, polyanionic frameworks, hexacyanoferrates, and organics, haveThe increasing demand for replacing conventional fossil fuels with clean energy or economical and sustainable energy storage drives better battery research today. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are considered as a promising alternative for grid-scale storage applications due to their similar "rockingchair" sodium storage mechanism to lithium-ion batteries, the natural abundance, and the low cost of Na resources. Searching for appropriate electrode materials with acceptable electrochemical perfor...

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Section: Ni/mn-based Oxidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Layered Oxide Cathodes for Sodium‐Ion Batteries: Phase Transition, Air Stability, and Performance

Wang

You

Yin

et al. 2017

Advanced Energy Materials

616

464

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“…have been extensively explored in recent years. [37] In comparison with 2D oxide systems, the robust 3D framework of polyanion compounds can offer a significant advantage in terms of minimal structural rearrangements during Na + uptake/removal, superior thermal-abuse tolerance, and high output voltages. [38] The increased safety and voltage could be attributed to the strong covalent bonding within the polyanion units.…”

Section: High-voltage Polyanion Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress in High‐Voltage Cathode Materials for Rechargeable Sodium‐Ion Batteries

You

Manthiram

2017

Advanced Energy Materials

426

268

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potential (E° = −2.71 V vs standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) for Na + /Na, 0.3 V higher than that of Li + /Li).[5] Thus, rechargeable batteries based on sodium electrochemistry are considered as promising alternatives for grid-scale EES applications, which put specific requirements on the cost and sustainable resource supply of the battery. The component parts and the working principle for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are quite similar to those of LIBs, as shown in Figure 1. [6] Na + ions migrate between a positive electrode (cathode) and a negative electrode (anode) through an Na + electrolyte in between. Both electrodes are composed of intercalation compounds that allow reversible insertion and extraction of Na + ions. [7] Studies on Na + ions intercalation chemistry can be traced back to 1980s, [8] yet they did not attract much attention due to the LIBs, which held significant advantages in energy output and electrochemical stability over other rechargeable batteries and dominated the research/market for the next two decades. With the concern of potential shortage of Li resources, some concerted effort began to revisit the SIB technology and its key materials, especially after the year 2010. Al foil can be used as current collectors for the anode rather than Cu in SIBs because Na does not alloy with Al, which may help to further reduce the cost and increase the energy density. [9] Besides the cost advantages, SIBs also offer opportunities to obtain a faster kinetics with the electrochemical reaction; for example, it may enable a high Na + conductivity in bulk solid within a wide temperature range [10] and an easier charge transfer owing to less pronounced solvation. Such merits, according to the recent work, have led to surprisingly low polarization and high-rate capability (e.g., in Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) cathode materials), [11] making SIBs quite appealing for high-power applications. [12] Although SIBs present a less expensive raw materials compared with LIBs, it is worth noting that the higher energynormalized cost of prototype SIBs [13] demonstrates the importance to improve its energy density, which can be realized by increasing the output voltage or capacity. Given that the output voltage of an SIB is determined by the electrode potential difference between the positive and the negative electrodes and the positive electrode is the bottleneck for boosting the energy output of SIBs, major efforts have been devoted to develop advanced cathode materials with high output voltage and high capacity. [14] Prominent potential cathode candidates including Room-temperature rechargeable sodium-ion batteries are considered as a promising alternative technology for grid and other storage applications due to their competitive cost benefit and sustainable resource supply, triumphing other battery systems on the market. To facilitate the practical realization of the sodium-ion technology, the energy density of sodium-ion batteries needs to be boosted to the level of current commercial Li-ion batteries. An effective approach...

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“…It is noteworthy that the state-of-the-art positive electrode materials based on sodium storage can deliver capacity values generally less than 150 mAh g −1 in potential ranges lower than 4 V versus Na/Na + . [28,29] Thus, the excellence of positive graphite electrodes will become more competitive in sodium-based DIBs.For DIBs, in contrast with the increased number of reports about anion intercalation within graphite, [30][31][32] the investigations of anodes are insufficient. In theory, anode active materials with distinguished Na + storage capacities in the low potential range can match the performance of positive graphite electrodes.…”

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confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon Derived from Pine Needles as a Na⁺‐Storage Electrode Material in Dual‐Ion Batteries

Wang

Zheng

et al. 2017

Global Challenges

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electrodes. [18][19][20][21][22][23][24] Among the large family of cations, lithium acts as the lightest charge carrier in nonaqueous electrolyte systems. However, lithium has to face its unfortunate fate of being a limited resource in the world. Hence, sodium has received increased attention as an alternative choice mainly because of its abundance and its similar physical and chemical properties to lithium. [25][26][27] Therefore, the application of a Na + -based organic electrolyte may be a valuable strategy for the development of DIBs in the future. It is noteworthy that the state-of-the-art positive electrode materials based on sodium storage can deliver capacity values generally less than 150 mAh g −1 in potential ranges lower than 4 V versus Na/Na + . [28,29] Thus, the excellence of positive graphite electrodes will become more competitive in sodium-based DIBs.For DIBs, in contrast with the increased number of reports about anion intercalation within graphite, [30][31][32] the investigations of anodes are insufficient. In theory, anode active materials with distinguished Na + storage capacities in the low potential range can match the performance of positive graphite electrodes. Carbon materials should be a promising candidate for this task considering the safety of the devices they are utilized in, the availability of raw materials, and other factors. [33] Lu and co-workers have reported that soft carbon is a highperformance anode material for sodium-based DIBs. [34] Based on the above, we predicted that hard carbon and graphite will also become an appropriate couple. Nevertheless, researchers are plagued by the high production cost and complex synthesis procedures for synthesizing hard carbon. [35] For the sake of tackling this issue, employing biomass resources to synthesize carbon materials is an available and convenient strategy. [36][37][38][39][40] Biomass materials can exhibit multilevel, multidimensional, and hierarchical porous structures, which can be reserved in the derived carbons and are favorable for the penetration of electrolytes and ion diffusion. [41] During synthesis, they can be used as their own templates, which solves many problems (e.g., the complicated processes, long periods, expensive raw materials, and pollution involved using other materials) caused by adopting artificial templates. [42][43][44] In addition, natural biomaterials contain heteroatoms, such as nitrogen, boron, and phosphorous, that can provide extra active sites for Na + storage. In this paper, we synthesized hard carbon by simply calcining pine needles without activation ( Figure S1, Supporting information). Dried pine needles contain crude protein, fat, fiber, and various sugars (glucose, fructose, galactose, and sucrose), [45] which are all carbon sources. Moreover, pine needles are slender. The Pine needles are used as the precursor material to prepare hard carbon. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and N 2 adsorption-desorption tests are carried out to characterize the surface, crystal, and pore...

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Polyanion‐Type Electrode Materials for Sodium‐Ion Batteries

Cited by 421 publications

References 192 publications

Layered Oxide Cathodes for Sodium‐Ion Batteries: Phase Transition, Air Stability, and Performance

Layered Oxide Cathodes for Sodium‐Ion Batteries: Phase Transition, Air Stability, and Performance

Progress in High‐Voltage Cathode Materials for Rechargeable Sodium‐Ion Batteries

Carbon Derived from Pine Needles as a Na⁺‐Storage Electrode Material in Dual‐Ion Batteries

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Polyanion‐Type Electrode Materials for Sodium‐Ion Batteries

Cited by 421 publications

References 192 publications

Layered Oxide Cathodes for Sodium‐Ion Batteries: Phase Transition, Air Stability, and Performance

Layered Oxide Cathodes for Sodium‐Ion Batteries: Phase Transition, Air Stability, and Performance

Progress in High‐Voltage Cathode Materials for Rechargeable Sodium‐Ion Batteries

Carbon Derived from Pine Needles as a Na+‐Storage Electrode Material in Dual‐Ion Batteries

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Carbon Derived from Pine Needles as a Na⁺‐Storage Electrode Material in Dual‐Ion Batteries