Polyamines in microorganisms

Tabor, Celia White; Tabor, Herbert

doi:10.1128/mr.49.1.81-99.1985

Cited by 597 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 226 publications

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“…Polyamines. Previous knowledge of polyamines was reviewed by Tabor & Tabor (1985). Approximately two-thirds of the named species and numerous unnamed taxa of the Pasteurellaceae have been characterized and the polyamines have been found to be specific in at least some cases at the genus level (Pasteurella sensu stricto, Avibacterium, Actinobacillus sensu stricto) and in some cases at the species level, but it appears possible that this specificity is caused by examination of only one representative of a separate, not yet described genus (Osawa et al, 1995;Busse et al, 1997).…”

Section: Appendixmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proposed minimal standards for the description of genera, species and subspecies of the Pasteurellaceae

Christensen

Kuhnert

Busse

et al. 2007

International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology

114

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4Rødding Tvaervej 3, 6630 Rødding, DenmarkPrinciples and guidelines are presented to ensure a solid scientific standard of papers dealing with the taxonomy of taxa of Pasteurellaceae Pohl 1981. The classification of the Pasteurellaceae is in principle based on a polyphasic approach. DNA sequencing of certain genes is very important for defining the borders of a taxon. However, the characteristics that are common to all members of the taxon and which might be helpful for separating it from related taxa must also be identified. Descriptions have to be based on as many strains as possible (inclusion of at least five strains is highly desirable), representing different sources with respect to geography and ecology, to allow proper characterization both phenotypically and genotypically, to establish the extent of diversity of the cluster to be named. A genus must be monophyletic based on 16S rRNA gene sequence-based phylogenetic analysis. Only in very rare cases is it acceptable that monophyly can not be achieved by 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison. Recently, the monophyly of genera has been confirmed by sequence comparison of housekeeping genes. In principle, a new genus should be recognized by a distinct phenotype, and characters that separate the new genus from its neighbours should be given clearly. Due to the overall importance of accurate classification of species, at least two genotypic methods are needed to show coherence and for separation at the species level. The main criterion for the classification of a novel species is that it forms a monophyletic group based on 16S rRNA gene sequence-based phylogenetic analysis. However, some groups might also include closely related species. In these cases, more sensitive tools for genetic recognition of species should be applied, such as DNA-DNA hybridizations. The comparison of housekeeping gene sequences has recently been used for genotypic definition of species. In order to separate species, phenotypic characters must also be identified to recognize them, and at least two phenotypic differences from existing species should be identified if possible. We recommend the use of the subspecies category only for subgroups associated with disease or similar biological characteristics. At the subspecies level, the genotypic groups must always be nested within the boundaries of an existing species. Phenotypic cohesion must be documented at the subspecies level and separation between subspecies and related species must be fully documented, as well as association with particular disease and host. An overview of methods previously used to characterize isolates of the Pasteurellaceae has been given. Genotypic and phenotypic methods are separated in relation to tests for investigating diversity and cohesion and to separate taxa at the level of genus as well as species and subspecies. et al., 1992). However, it makes no sense to name a novel taxon without having considered its specific properties and evaluated how it differs from related taxa. To ensure the optimal circumscript...

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Section: Appendixmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proposed minimal standards for the description of genera, species and subspecies of the Pasteurellaceae

Christensen

Kuhnert

Busse

et al. 2007

International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology

114

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“…Salmonella synthesizes cadaverine from L‐lysine by the constitutively expressed lysine decarboxylase LdcC (Yamamoto et al., 1997), or the acid‐inducible CadA (Gale & Epps, 1944; Park et al., 1996) (see below). Putrescine is synthesized from L‐arginine by SpeA and SpeB or from L‐ornithine by SpeC or the inducible SpeF (Michael, 2016; Tabor & Tabor, 1985). Spermidine is synthesized from decarboxylated S‐adenosyl‐L‐methionine and putrescine by SpeE (Bowman et al., 1973; Tabor & Tabor, 1987).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

PaeA (YtfL) protects from cadaverine and putrescine stress in Salmonella Typhimurium and E. coli

Iwadate

Ramezanifard

Golubeva

et al. 2021

Molecular Microbiology

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Salmonella and E. coli synthesize, import, and export cadaverine, putrescine, and spermidine to maintain physiological levels and provide pH homeostasis. Both low and high intracellular levels of polyamines confer pleiotropic phenotypes or lethality. Here, we demonstrate that the previously uncharacterized inner membrane protein PaeA (YtfL) is required for reducing cytoplasmic cadaverine and putrescine concentrations. We identified paeA as a gene involved in stationary phase survival when cells were initially grown in acidic medium, in which they produce cadaverine. The paeA mutant is also sensitive to putrescine, but not to spermidine or spermine. Sensitivity to external cadaverine in stationary phase is only observed at pH > 8, suggesting that the polyamines need to be deprotonated to passively diffuse into the cell cytoplasm. In the absence of PaeA, intracellular polyamine levels increase and the cells lose viability. Degradation or modification of the polyamines is not relevant. Ectopic expression of the known cadaverine exporter, CadB, in stationary phase partially suppresses the paeA phenotype, and overexpression of PaeA in exponential phase partially complements a cadB mutant grown in acidic medium. These data support the hypothesis that PaeA is a cadaverine/putrescine exporter, reducing potentially toxic levels under certain stress conditions.

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“…In V. cholerae, these signals can be polyamines, which are linear aliphatic carbon chains containing multiple amine groups that are positively charged at physiological pH. Polyamines are synthesized by most organisms and are important for growth and other cellular processes including but not limited to: protein synthesis and function, siderophore production and biofilm formation ([18–21]). The polyamine norspermidine enhances V.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A mutagenic screen reveals NspS residues important for regulation of Vibrio cholerae biofilm formation

et al. 2021

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Biofilm formation in the human intestinal pathogen Vibrio cholerae is in part regulated by norspermidine, spermidine and spermine. V. cholerae senses these polyamines through a signalling pathway consisting of the periplasmic protein, NspS, and the integral membrane c-di-GMP phosphodiesterase MbaA. NspS and MbaA belong to a proposed class of novel signalling systems composed of periplasmic ligand-binding proteins and membrane-bound c-di-GMP phosphodiesterases containing both GGDEF and EAL domains. In this signal transduction pathway, NspS is hypothesized to interact with MbaA in the periplasm to regulate its phosphodiesterase activity. Polyamine binding to NspS likely alters this interaction, leading to the activation or inhibition of biofilm formation depending on the polyamine. The purpose of this study was to determine the amino acids important for NspS function. We performed random mutagenesis of the nspS gene, identified mutant clones deficient in biofilm formation, determined their responsiveness to norspermidine and mapped the location of these residues onto NspS homology models. Single mutants clustered on two lobes of the NspS model, but the majority were found on a single lobe that appeared to be more mobile upon norspermidine binding. We also identified residues in the putative ligand-binding site that may be important for norspermidine binding and interactions with MbaA. Ultimately, our results provide new insights into this novel signalling pathway in V. cholerae and highlight differences between periplasmic binding proteins involved in transport versus signal transduction.

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Polyamines in microorganisms

Cited by 597 publications

References 226 publications

Proposed minimal standards for the description of genera, species and subspecies of the Pasteurellaceae

Proposed minimal standards for the description of genera, species and subspecies of the Pasteurellaceae

PaeA (YtfL) protects from cadaverine and putrescine stress in Salmonella Typhimurium and E. coli

A mutagenic screen reveals NspS residues important for regulation of Vibrio cholerae biofilm formation

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