Polyamines as cancer markers: applicable separation methods

Investigation of effective biomarkers for cancers is currently a popular area of study in clinical and cancer researches, because it can potentially lead to pre-cancer screening or pre-cancer diagnosis and may provide useful information on cancer type and the disease's stage of progression. More and more biochemical or chemical fluid components of the human body such as urine, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid have been considered to contain biomarkers, which are useful in cancer researches, pre-cancer diagnosis, and cancer follow-ups during or after cancer treatment. Several modern analytical techniques, such as gas chromatography (GC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), capillary electrophoresis (CE), and other separation techniques as well as hyphenated techniques, have been extensively used in study of cancer biomarkers. Among these techniques, CE is considered to be a highly efficient and practical analytical technique because of the small sample volume requirement and its wide separation versatility, ranging from small inorganic molecules to large biomolecules. This review discusses the latest developments involving biomarkers and their analysis by CE, including a discussion of instrumental conditions, method developments, and data analysis.

Section: Some Other Small Biomolecules Cancer Markersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent developments in the determination of urinary cancer biomarkers by capillary electrophoresis

Liu

et al. 2004

“…Biogenic amines widely exist in nature and have multiple functions in living organisms [1][2][3]. Importantly, they are implicated in a variety of cell functions, and overproduction of biogenic amines is toxic to cells and facilitates cell death by oxidative mechanism [4,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of biogenic amines in HeLa cell lysate by 6‐oxy‐(N‐succinimidyl acetate)‐9‐(2'–methoxycarbonyl) fluorescein and micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography with laser‐induced fluorescence detection

Cao

Wang

et al. 2006

An MEKC-LIF method using 6-oxy-(N-succinimidyl acetate)-9-(2'-methoxy-carbonyl) fluorescein (SAMF) newly synthesized in our lab as a labeling reagent for the separation and determination of eight typical biogenic amines was proposed. After careful study of the derivatization condition such as pH value, reagent concentration, temperature, and reaction time, derivatization reaction was accomplished as quickly as 10 min with stable yield. Optimal separation of SAMF-labeled amines was achieved with a running buffer (pH 9.3) containing 30 mM boric acid, 25 mM SDS, and 20% v/v ACN. The proposed method allowed biogenic amines to be determined with LODs as low as 0.25-2.5 nmol/L and RSD values from 0.4 to 4.5%. The present method has been successfully used to monitor biogenic amines in HeLa cells and fish samples. This study exploits the potential of MEKC-LIF with SAMF labeling as a tool for monitoring biogenic amines involved in complex physiological and behavioral processes in various matrices.

“…Methods for individual separation and determination of PAs or CAs have been established by using gas chromatography (GC) [14,19,20], high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [8,[21][22][23][24][25], and capillary electrophoresis (CE) [3,[26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35]. Although many methods have been developed, none is capable of simultaneously separating and quantifying PAs and CAs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous determination of polyamines and catecholamines in PC‐12 tumor cell extracts by capillary electrophoresis with laser‐induced fluorescence detection

Flanigan

2004

A method to detect polyamines and catecholamines in PC-12 tumor cell extracts by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection (CE-LIF) is described for the first time. Both derivatization conditions and buffer concentrations and pH were optimized. Under optimized conditions the polyamines (putresine, spermine, spermidine) and catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, serotonin) were derivatized with fluorescein isothiocyanate and separated at 25 kV in a fused-silica capillary (50 microm ID x 40 cm) with 0.1 M borate, pH 9.0, in less than 18 min. The influence of running buffer conditions, such as buffer pH and concentrations, were also investigated. Linearity of the analytes ranged from 0.05 to 1.0 micromol/L, and the detection limit (S/N = 3 ) ranged from 0.03 to 2.50 nmol/L. The concentrations of polyamines and catecholamines in PC-12 tumor cell extracts were determined with this method.