Polyacrylamide Application in Irrigation Water Ot Increase Infiltration

Mitchell, Alan R.

doi:10.1097/00010694-198605000-00010

Cited by 56 publications

(44 citation statements)

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“…By the 1980s polymer costs, formulations and purity improved. Paganyas (1975) and Mitchell (1986) noticed reduced sediment in runoff when irrigating furrows after pretreatment with PAM. Malik et al (1991b) found that PAM, applied via infiltrating water, is irreversibly adsorbed in the top few millimeters of soil once dry.…”

Section: Polyacrylamide Use For Erosion Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polyacrylamide preparations for protection of water quality threatened by agricultural runoff contaminants

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Sojka

Watwood

et al. 2002

Environmental Pollution

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"Capsule": Polyacrylamide preparations show promise in reducing flow of sediments, nutrients and microorganisms from animal production facilities. AbstractWaste streams associated with a variety of agricultural runoff sources are major contributors of nutrients, pesticides and enteric microorganisms to surface and ground waters. Water soluble anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) was found to be a highly effective erosion-preventing and infiltration-enhancing polymer, when applied at rates of 1-10 g m-3 in furrow irrigation water. Water flowing from PAM treated irrigation furrows show large reductions in sediment, nutrients and pesticides. Recently PAM and PAM + Ca0 and PAM + Al(SO4)3 mixtures have been shown to filter bacteria, fungi and nutrients from animal wastewater. Low concentrations of PAM [175-350 g PAM ha-' as PAM or as PAM + Ca0 and PAM + Al(SO 4) mixture] applied to the soil surface, resulted in dramatic decreases (10 fold) of total, coliform and fecal streptococci bacteria in cattle, fish and swine wastewater leachate and surface runoff. PAM treatment also filtered significant amounts of NH4, PO4 and total P in cattle and swine wastewater. This points to the potential of developing PAM as a water quality protection measure in combination with large-scale animal feeding operations. Potential benefits of PAM treatment of animal facility waste streams include: (1) low cost, (2) easy and quick application, (3) suitability for use with other pollution reduction techniques. Research on the efficacy of PAM for removal of protozoan parasites and viruses and more thorough assessment of PAM degradation in different soils is still needed to completely evaluate PAM treatment as an effective waste water treatment. We will present analysis and feasibility of using PAM, PAM + Al(SO4)3 , and PAM + CaO application for specific applications. Our results demonstrate their potential efficacy in reducing sediment, nutrients and microorganisms from animal production facility effluents. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.

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Section: Polyacrylamide Use For Erosion Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polyacrylamide preparations for protection of water quality threatened by agricultural runoff contaminants

Entry

Sojka

Watwood

et al. 2002

Environmental Pollution

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“…Recently, an easy and effective tool has been added to these soil conservation measuresadding small quantities of polyacrylamide copolymers (PAM) to the in-flowing water (Mitchell, 1986;Levy et al, 1991;Lentz et al, 1992;Lentz and Sojka, 1994;Wallace and Wallace, 1996). Lentz et al (1992) added 5-20 ppm of high molecular weight anionic PAM to irrigation water in the first several hours of irrigation, and reduced soil losses of a highly erodible soil up to 97%.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biopolymer additives to reduce erosion-induced soil losses during irrigation

Orts

Sojka

Glenn

2000

Industrial Crops and Products

126

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A series of biopolymers added to irrigation water were tested for their efficacy in reducing shear-induced erosion in a laboratory-scale mini-furrow. Suspensions of chitosan, starch xanthate, cellulose xanthate, and acid-hydrolyzed cellulose microfibrils, at concentrations of 20, 80, 80, and 120 ppm, respectively, reduced suspended solids by more than 80%. None of these biopolymers, however, exhibited the > 90% runoff sediment reduction shown by the present industry standard, synthetic polyacrylamide polymers, PAM. PAM is effective at concentrations as low as 5 ppm. In field tests, chitosan solutions were only marginally effective in reducing runoff from the end of a 137 m long furrow, with indications that results were dependent on the length of the furrow. Sediment runoff of some clay-rich Northern California soils was reduced by up to 85% by increasing the concentration of exchangeable calcium to > 2.5mM. Calcium improved the sedimentation of the polyelectrolytic polymers in this study.

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“…PAM can be applied to soils as dry granules, broadcast with or without mixing (Terry and Nelson 1986), and in solution, by spraying (Levy et al 1991) or diluted in irrigation water (Mitchell 1986). Application of solutions is most efficient and effective (Cook and Nelson 1986;Shaviv et al 1987).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A subsequent 'curing' or drying period often enhances its soil activity (Shainberg et al 1990;El-Morsy et al 1991). When applied to the soil surface as a solution, PAM is readily and irreversibly adsorbed to soil particles (Malik et al 1991b); hence, main effect occurs within 1-5 cm depth (Mitchell 1986) and perhaps even closer. Most of the applied PAM is apparently bound to external surfaces of soil aggregates .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PAM treatments increase water-stable aggregation in soils (Terry and Nelson 1986;Helalia and Letey 1989;Nadler and Letey 1989;Bryan 1992) and stabilize shrinkage cracks in clayey soils against imbibitional swelling forces (Malik et al 1991a). After additions of PAM, soil aggregates are more resistant to slaking during rapid wet up (Mitchell 1986) and are better able to withstand the impact of falling water drops . 274 PAM's forte is structure maintenance.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Field Results Using Polyacrylamide to Manage Furrow Erosion and Infiltration

Lentz¹,

Sojka²

1994

Soil Science

187

128

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Furrow irrigation-induced soil erosion is a serious threat to sustainable irrigated agriculture globally. Recent field studies have demonstrated that small concentrations of polymers dissolved in irrigation water appreciably reduce soil loss from irrigated furrows and increase net infiltration (total inflow -total outflow). This paper summarizes polymer-related field studies conducted in Idaho on highly erodible silt loam soils (Durixerollic Calciorthids, Xerollic Haplargids, Haploxerollic Durargids). A range of furrow lengths (163-264 m), slopes (0.5-7%), and inflows (15-38 L min') were included in the studies. A moderate-charge-density anionic polyacrylamide (PAM), highly effective for controlling furrow sediment losses, was employed in the field trials. Treatment efficacy depended primarily on application rate, PAM concentration in irrigation water, duration of furrow exposure, and inflow rate. Nontreated furrow soil loss in 75% of the irrigations exceeded soil loss tolerance (T) for these soils, whereas only 13% of the PAM-treated irrigations exceeded T. Those treatments that applied at least 0.7 kg ha' PAM (mean, 1.3 kg ha-1) reduced furrow sediment loss by 94% (range: 80-99%) and increased net infiltration by 15% (range: -8-57%). One of the most effective treatments applied PAM at 10 g m-3 in irrigation inflows during the furrow advance period. This initial highload treatment was nearly twice as effective as a continuous 0.25 g in-3 PAM application on these soils when slopes were 1-2%. The initial high-load treatment protected furrows with slopes ranging from 0.5 to 3.5%. PAM reduced total phospho-

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Polyacrylamide Application in Irrigation Water Ot Increase Infiltration

Cited by 56 publications

References 0 publications

Polyacrylamide preparations for protection of water quality threatened by agricultural runoff contaminants

Polyacrylamide preparations for protection of water quality threatened by agricultural runoff contaminants

Biopolymer additives to reduce erosion-induced soil losses during irrigation

Field Results Using Polyacrylamide to Manage Furrow Erosion and Infiltration

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