Poly(vinylidene fluoride) nanofiber‐based piezoelectric nanogenerators using reduced graphene oxide/polyaniline

Abstract

Recently, piezoelectric nanogenerators have received great interest as they can convert waste mechanical and radiative energy to electricity and can be used in self‐energy generating systems and sensor technologies. In this study, electrospun poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) nanofiber‐based piezoelectric nanogenerators with reduced graphene oxide (rGO), polyaniline (PANI), and PANI‐functionalized rGO (rGOPANI) have been developed. Two different types of nanofiber mats were produced: First, rGO‐ and rGOPANI‐doped PVDF nanofiber mats and second, rGO, PANI and rGOPANI‐spray‐coated PVDF nanofiber mats that have worked as nanogenerators' electrodes. Then, characterizations of samples were performed in terms of piezoelectricity, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometric, X‐ray diffractions (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy analyses. FTIR and XRD results confirmed that piezoelectric β‐crystalline phase of PVDF occurred after the electrospinning process. Besides, maximum output voltages were obtained as 7.84 and 10.60 V for rGO‐doped PVDF and rGOPANI‐coated PVDF nanofiber mats, respectively. As a result, the doped nanofibers were found to be more successful due to the higher device accuracy in sensor technologies compared with spray‐coated samples. However, spray‐coating method proved to be more suitable technique for the production of nanogenerators on an industrial scale in terms of fast and large‐scale applicability. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48517.

Polyacrylonitrile Nanofiber Optimization as Precursor of Carbon Nanofibers for Supercapacitors

“…Electrospinning is generally divided into two types: (a) melt electrospinning and (b) solution-based electrospinning. The solution-based electrospinning method stands out because of the fact that nanofibers can be produced from various polymers such as polyacrylonitrile (PAN), poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), polyamide 6,6, polycaprolactone (PCL), poly (vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-co-HFP), thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and that the nanofiber properties can be controlled more easily [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. The parameters affecting nanofiber morphology in the solution-based electrospinning method can be listed as temperature, humidity, solution viscosity (polymer concentration), the distance between nozzle and collector electrode, feed rate and the applied potential [20][21][22].…”

Preparation and Applications of Electrospun Optically Transparent Fibrous Membrane

“…At present, the research studies of transparent sensors mainly include chemical sensors that detect and monitor dangerous substances in the gas phase, protecting us from pollution and toxic gases [133]. Self-powered sensors convert wasted micromechanical energy into available electrical energy based on the principles of triboelectricity and piezoelectric [134][135][136]. Optical sensors for chromaticity detection, resistance sensors [137], temperature sensors [98], humidity sensors [138], and pressure sensors, etc.…”

Recent Advances on Conducting Polymers Based Nanogenerators for Energy Harvesting

“…The use of PANI has no effect on the induction of β-phase in PVDF. A series of work on flexible electrospun PVDF/PANI nanofiber based film for piezoelectric nanogenerator have been reported [30,63,68,80,81]. The additional fillers, such as reduced graphene oxide [81], halloysite nanotube [68], graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets [63], and perovskite nanoparticles [30], also have been introduced to the composites to help in the formation of electrically conducting network.…”

“…A series of work on flexible electrospun PVDF/PANI nanofiber based film for piezoelectric nanogenerator have been reported [30,63,68,80,81]. The additional fillers, such as reduced graphene oxide [81], halloysite nanotube [68], graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets [63], and perovskite nanoparticles [30], also have been introduced to the composites to help in the formation of electrically conducting network. For example, Figure 3a represents that PANI nanorods and g-C 3 N 4 were integrated into PVDF nanofibers to improve the piezoelectric performance [63].…”

“…The doped indium oxide (ITO) exhibited high electrical conductivity and optical transmittance, but also has limited application due to the scarce and complicated preparation process. To solve these issues, the hybrid CPs with other conducting nanomaterials have been intensively proposed to avoid poor rigidity and bending resistance of traditional electrodes and improve the flexibility and conductivity [42,62,66,81,84,85]. These are promising methods for overcoming the differences in the local effective electric field in the nanocomposite, which results from the differences between the fillers and polymer phases in the electric field [65].…”