Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Composite Nanofibers Containing Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane–Epigallocatechin Gallate Conjugate for Bone Tissue Regeneration

Abstract

To provide adequate conditions for the regeneration of damaged bone, it is necessary to develop piezoelectric porous membranes with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. In this study, composite nanofibers comprising poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and a polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane–epigallocatechin gallate (POSS–EGCG) conjugate were fabricated by electrospinning methods. The resulting composite nanofibers showed three-dimensionally interconnected porous structures. Their average diameters, ranging from 936 ± 223 nm to 1094 ± 394 nm, were hardly affected by the addition of the POSS–EGCG conjugate. On the other hand, the piezoelectric β-phase increased significantly from 77.4% to 88.1% after adding the POSS–EGCG conjugate. The mechanical strength of the composite nanofibers was ameliorated by the addition of the POSS–EGCG conjugate. The results of in vitro bioactivity tests exhibited that the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts (MC3T3-E1) on the nanofibers increased with the content of POSS–EGCG conjugate because of the improved piezoelectricity and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of the nanofibers. All results could suggest that the PVDF composite nanofibers were effective for guided bone regeneration.

Novel Unsaturated Polyester Nanocomposites via Hybrid 3D POSS-Modified Graphene Oxide Reinforcement: Electro-Technical Application Perspective

“…The functional group attached to the POSS molecules tailor its properties and plays a very important role in the POSS-polymer interaction. The hybrid POSS material has a significant role in the property enhancement of the polymer such as thermal stability, mechanical strength, flame retardancy etc., as shown in the works reported earlier [20][21][22][23][24][25]. This led to a logical inference of amalgamating the stellar properties of GO by modifying it with POSS.…”

On the road to smart biomaterials for bone research: definitions, concepts, advances, and outlook

“…112 Composite nanofibers comprised of PVDF and polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane-epigallocatechin gallate also promoted mineralization of osteoblasts. 113 Interestingly, the chondrogenic vs. osteogenic differentiation-inducing capacities of a 3D fibrous scaffold, electrospun from poly(vinylidenefluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) (PVDF-TrFE) varied depending on the electric field strength generated by dynamic compression: Exposure of BMSCs to a low electric field (20 mV•mm −1 ) promoted the expression/ upregulation of chondrogenic differentiation markers, including Col II and Sox9. By contrast, exposure to a high electric field (1 V•mm −1 ) promoted osteogenic differentiation with increased expression of osteogenic markers, such as Col I, ALP, and OCN.…”

Polyphenols-loaded electrospun nanofibers in bone tissue engineering and regeneration

“… Sedghi et al (2018) [ 95 ] Catechin (Cat) PCL-Cat Conventional method/ PCL: 200 ± 150 nm PCL-Cat: 200 ± 150 nm In vivo: critical-sized calvarial bone defect mouse model; 4 mm defect size; 8 weeks Control (no treat), PCL scaffold, PCL-Cat, PCL-hADSC, and PCL-Cat-hADSC groups PCL-Cat-hADSC demonstrated a high bone coverage and bone volume than other groups on 8 weeks of post-transplantation ( p < 0.01 vs. control; p < 0.05 vs. PCL) Lee et al (2017) [ 96 ] Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane-epigallocatechin gallate (POSS-EGCG) Poly(vinylidene fluoride)-POSS-EGCG (PVDF, PE02, PE04, and PE06) Conventional method/ PVDF: 1033 ± 270 nm PE02: 971 ± 262 nm PE04: 936 ± 223 nm PE06: 1094 ± 394 nm MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts; 3, 5, 7, and 14 days; 1 × 10 4 cells POSS-EGCG conjugation improved bioactivity of PVDF nanofiber; PE06 showed maximum ALP activity and improved bone mineralization ( p < 0.05 vs. PVDF). Jeong et al (2019) [ 97 ] Zinc quercetin-phenanthroline (Zn + Q(PHt)) PCL-gelatin- (Zn + Q(PHt)) Conventional method/ PCL-gelatin: 260–500 nm PCL-gelatin-(Zn + Q(PHt)): 250–600 nm In vitro: MG-63 osteoblast-like cells; 3 and 7 days PCL-gelatin-(Zn + Q(PHt)) scaffold showed more relative ALP activity than PCL-gelatin on 3 and 7 days of post-treatment; Runx2 and type 1 collagen mRNAs expression were also found more significant in PCL-gelatin-(Zn + Q(PHt)) scaffold. Preeth et al (2021) [ 98 ] Resveratrol (RSV) PCL-RSV and PLA-RSV Conventional method/ PCL-RSV: 0.97 ± 0.45 μm PLA-RSV: 0.45–1.20 μm In vitro: STRO-1 positive stem cells (STRO-1 + cells); 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days Both materials exhibited the same level of osteoinductive capacity; Only PLA-RSV induced expression of osteoblasts inhibiting osteoclast differentiation.…”

“…Jeong et al developed polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane-epigallocatechin gallate (POSS-EGCG) loaded poly (vinylidene fluoride) electrospun nanofiber to investigate bone tissue regeneration [ 97 ]. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a polyphenolic flavonoid derived from a variety of plants, has been reported to impede lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated osteoclastic bone resorption and reduce inflammatory bone loss in bone metabolism [ 103 , 104 ].…”