(Poly)phenols of apples contribute to in vitro antidiabetic properties: Assessment of Canada's Apple Biodiversity Collection

Abstract

Apples are affordable and accessible fruit with tremendous biodiversity. Among over 10,000 identified apple cultivars, only a few are commercially available. Habitual fruit consumption is correlated with the prevention of Type 2 diabetes and related complications. Particularly, (poly)phenols found in apples are major contributors to their antidiabetic properties. Here, we have screened (poly)phenol-rich extracts of 476 apple accessions in Canada's Apple Biodiversity Collection for antidiabetic properties.The results of this work provide insights into the prevention and management of Type 2 diabetes by identifying high (poly)phenol-containing specialty apples for use in fresh fruit form or value-added functional food ingredients. Summary• The recent trend in sedentary lifestyles and nutritionally-imbalanced diets has elevated the prevalence of Type 2 diabetes in many parts of the world. Some pharmacological glycemic management can cause undesirable gastrointestinal side effects or hypoglycemia. Thus, there is a growing interest in safe glycemic management using dietary (poly)phenols.• In this study, (poly)phenol-rich extracts of 476 apple accessions from Canada's Apple Biodiversity Collection (ABC) and six major apple (poly)phenols were assessed for in vitro antidiabetic properties against the activities of α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) and the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGE).• Apple (poly)phenol extracts varied in their antidiabetic activities in a dosedependent manner. High (poly)phenol-containing apples demonstrated that their total phenolic contents (TPC) were inversely correlated with the IC 50 values of α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and AGE formation, but not DPP-4. Concentrations of major (poly)phenol compounds such as procyanidin B2, phloridzin, and epicatechin in apples were significantly inversely correlated with IC 50 values of α-glucosidase in the high (poly)phenol-containing apples.• High TPC apples are not suitable for marketing for fresh fruit consumption due to bitterness and astringency; however, these apples show potential to use in the

Effect of (poly)phenol-rich ‘Daux Belan’ apple supplementation on diet-induced obesity and glucose intolerance in C57BL/6NCrl mice

“…Thus, based on the evidence in the literature, the therapeutic dose was set at 1200 mg total apple (poly)phenol/day/human in this work, translating to 6.2 mg gallic acid equivalence (GAE)/mouse/day at the diet dose of 0.15% apple (poly)phenol. The in vitro anti-diabetic properties of (poly)phenol-rich ‘Daux Belan’ (DB) apples have been demonstrated in our previous work 7 . Therefore, in this study, the effect of DB whole apple powder supplementation on glucose and lipid homeostasis was investigated using a diet-induced obese and glucose-intolerant mouse model.…”

“…It is also a good source of dietary (poly)phenols 5 . In vitro blood glucose lowering action by apple (poly)phenols is well-documented, particularly in inhibiting carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes, such as α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes 6 , 7 , that metabolize polysaccharides into glucose as well as inhibiting glucose transporter proteins that facilitate glucose uptake, such as SGLT-1 and GLUTs 8 . In various strains of mice and rats, apple (poly)phenols improved high fat (HF)-induced body weight gain 9 , 10 , blood glucose dysregulation 10 , 11 , and hyperlipidemia 9 .…”

Metabolomics and molecular networking approach for exploring the anti-diabetic activity of medicinal plants

“…74,75 In vitro-glucosidase activity showed that procyanidin B2 could be used to reduce blood glucose levels. 76 Whereas, in the a-glucosidase inhibitory assay, it has been found that catechin has possessed signicant antidiabetic activity (IC 50 = 87.55 ± 2.23 mg mL −1 ). 77 We annotated quinic acid from F. semicordata and F. lacor with a protonated ion at m/z 193.0705 which was similar to those reported in the literature.…”

Fruit in focus: A sampler platter of research

“…For example, Hummer et al (2023) evaluated 284 strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) accessions for 16 traits across 2 years, generating data which quantify the enormous phenotypic variation across strawberries, as well as providing important insights for plant breeders, producers, and geneticists. Yu et al (2023) also examine a diversity collection, in this instance for apple, where they screen accessions for (poly)phenols, which were subsequently assessed for in vitro antidiabetic properties. While apples high in total (poly)phenol content may be too bitter for fresh consumption, they could be used as value‐added functional food ingredients or nutraceuticals, emphasizing the wide range of benefits and potential opportunities for fruit (Yu et al, 2023).…”

“…Yu et al (2023) also examine a diversity collection, in this instance for apple, where they screen accessions for (poly)phenols, which were subsequently assessed for in vitro antidiabetic properties. While apples high in total (poly)phenol content may be too bitter for fresh consumption, they could be used as value‐added functional food ingredients or nutraceuticals, emphasizing the wide range of benefits and potential opportunities for fruit (Yu et al, 2023).…”