Poly(lactic Acid): A Versatile Biobased Polymer for the Future with Multifunctional Properties—From Monomer Synthesis, Polymerization Techniques and Molecular Weight Increase to PLA Applications

Balla, Evangelia; Daniilidis, Vasileios; Karlioti, Georgia; Kalamas, Theocharis; Stefanidou, Myrika; Bikiaris, Nikolaos D.; Vlachopoulos, Antonios; Koumentakou, Ioanna; Bikiaris, Dimitrios N.

doi:10.3390/polym13111822

Cited by 322 publications

(230 citation statements)

References 244 publications

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“…The separately considered polymers of PLA and PCL are biocompatible and are widely used as medical devices, such as fixing rods, plates, pins, screws, and suture materials [ 15 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Polylactide (PLA) is a biocompatible, biodegradable thermoplastic polymer, one of the most widely used polymers in such areas as biodegradable packaging and disposable products, electronic devices, construction, and especially biomedicine [ 14 , 15 ]. In addition, it has a strongly marked shape memory effect [ 2 , 16 , 17 ], which allows it to be used as a base matrix of a composite material for “self-fitting” implants [ 18 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Polymer Composite Materials Based on Polylactide with a Shape Memory Effect for “Self-Fitting” Bone Implants

et al. 2021

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The development of adaptive medical structures is one of the promising areas of bioengineering. Polymer composite materials based on polylactide (PLA) are interesting not only for their properties, such as biocompatibility, mechanical properties, biodegradation, and convenience of use, but also for demonstrating shape memory effect (SME). In this study, reducing the activation initiation temperature and the SME activation energy was achieved by forming a composite based on PLA containing 10% poly (ε -caprolactone) (PCL). The effect of the plasticizer on the structure, mechanical properties, and especially SME of the composite, was studied by DSC, SEM, FTIR spectroscopy, compression tests, and DMA. By varying the composition, the beginning of the SME activation was reached at 45 °C, and the apparent activation energy of the process decreased by 85 kJ/mol, ensuring safe and effective use of the material as a precursor for temporary self-fitting scaffolds for reconstructive surgery.

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“…The separately considered polymers of PLA and PCL are biocompatible and are widely used as medical devices, such as fixing rods, plates, pins, screws, and suture materials [ 15 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymer Composite Materials Based on Polylactide with a Shape Memory Effect for “Self-Fitting” Bone Implants

et al. 2021

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“…In general, polymers or copolymers that will be used to prepare such drug delivery systems should possess low cytotoxicity. Polyesters, based on PLA, poly (glycolic acid) (PGA) and polycaprolactone (PCL) and their copolymers, have been widely used as such biomaterials with a low cytotoxicity profile [ 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 ]. However, the cytotoxicity arising from the biodegradation of the newly prepared PLA/PBAd is unknown, and, hence, systematic evaluation is needed in order to verify their safety.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Poly(l-Lactic Acid)-co-poly(Butylene Adipate) New Block Copolymers for the Preparation of Drug-Loaded Long Acting Injectable Microparticles

et al. 2021

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The present study evaluates the use of newly synthesized poly(l-lactic acid)-co-poly(butylene adipate) (PLA/PBAd) block copolymers as microcarriers for the preparation of aripiprazole (ARI)-loaded long acting injectable (LAI) formulations. The effect of various PLA to PBAd ratios (95/5, 90/10, 75/25 and 50/50 w/w) on the enzymatic hydrolysis of the copolymers showed increasing erosion rates by increasing the PBAd content, while cytotoxicity studies revealed non-toxicity for all prepared biomaterials. SEM images showed the formation of well-shaped, spherical MPs with a smooth exterior surface and no particle’s agglomeration, while DSC and pXRD data revealed that the presence of PBAd in the copolymers favors the amorphization of ARI. FTIR spectroscopy showed the formation of new ester bonds between the PLA and PBAd parts, while analysis of the MP formulations showed no molecular drug–polyester matrix interactions. In vitro dissolution studies suggested a highly tunable biphasic extended release, for up to 30 days, indicating the potential of the synthesized copolymers to act as promising LAI formulations, which will maintain a continuous therapeutic level for an extended time period. Lastly, several empirical and mechanistic models were also tested, with respect to their ability to fit the experimental release data.

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“…After starch blends, poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is the world’s most widely used biodegradable plastic [ 1 ]. One factor limiting PLA’s usage is its poor barrier properties in comparison to petroleum-based plastics, such as PET, PE, PP, or EVOH [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ]. Additionally, PLA requires industrial composting facilities (>58 °C) to undergo biodegradation and is slow to degrade in the ocean and other natural environments [ 7 , 8 , 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of Poly(Lactic Acid-co-Glycolic Acid) Copolymers with High Glycolide Ratio by Ring-Opening Polymerisation

et al. 2021

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The rise in demand for biodegradable plastic packaging with high barrier properties has spurred interest in poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) copolymers with a relatively high glycolide content. In this work, we examined how reaction conditions affect the synthesis of PLGA25 (L:G 25:75) through the ring-opening polymerisation of d-l-lactide (L) and glycolide (G), using tin 2-ethylhexanoate (Sn(Oct)2) as the catalyst and 1-dodecanol as the initiator. The effects of varying the initiator concentration, catalyst concentration, reaction time, and temperature on the molecular weight, monomer conversion, and thermal properties of PLGA25 were investigated. Increasing the reaction temperature from 130 to 205 °C significantly reduced the time required for high monomer conversions but caused greater polymer discolouration. Whilst increasing the [M]:[C] from 6500:1 to 50,000:1 reduced polymer discolouration, it also resulted in longer reaction times and higher reaction temperatures being required to achieve high conversions. High Mn and Mw values of 136,000 and 399,000 g mol−1 were achieved when polymerisations were performed in the solid state at 150 °C using low initiator concentrations. These copolymers were analysed using high temperature SEC at 80 °C, employing DMSO instead of HFIP as the eluent.

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Poly(lactic Acid): A Versatile Biobased Polymer for the Future with Multifunctional Properties—From Monomer Synthesis, Polymerization Techniques and Molecular Weight Increase to PLA Applications

Cited by 322 publications

References 244 publications

Polymer Composite Materials Based on Polylactide with a Shape Memory Effect for “Self-Fitting” Bone Implants

Polymer Composite Materials Based on Polylactide with a Shape Memory Effect for “Self-Fitting” Bone Implants

Poly(l-Lactic Acid)-co-poly(Butylene Adipate) New Block Copolymers for the Preparation of Drug-Loaded Long Acting Injectable Microparticles

Synthesis of Poly(Lactic Acid-co-Glycolic Acid) Copolymers with High Glycolide Ratio by Ring-Opening Polymerisation

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