Poly(Glycerol Sebacate) in Biomedical Applications—A Review of the Recent Literature

Abstract

Poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS) continues to attract attention for biomedical applications owing to its favorable combination of properties. Conventionally polymerized by a two‐step polycondensation of glycerol and sebacic acid, variations of synthesis parameters, reactant concentrations or by specific chemical modifications, PGS materials can be obtained exhibiting a wide range of physicochemical, mechanical, and morphological properties for a variety of applications. PGS has been extensively used in tissue engineering (TE) of cardiovascular, nerve, cartilage, bone and corneal tissues. Applications of PGS based materials in drug delivery systems and wound healing are also well documented. Research and development in the field of PGS continue to progress, involving mainly the synthesis of modified structures using copolymers, hybrid, and composite materials. Moreover, the production of self‐healing and electroactive materials has been introduced recently. After almost 20 years of research on PGS, previous publications have outlined its synthesis, modification, properties, and biomedical applications, however, a review paper covering the most recent developments in the field is lacking. The present review thus covers comprehensively literature of the last five years on PGS‐based biomaterials and devices focusing on advanced modifications of PGS for applications in medicine and highlighting notable advances of PGS based systems in TE and drug delivery.

Shape memory poly (glycerol sebacate)‐based electrospun fiber scaffolds for tissue engineering applications: A review

“…PGS is a bioresorbable polymer that loses mechanical strength with time due to hydrolytic cleavage of ester links in both in vivo and in vitro applications. 93 After immersion in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution at 37 C for 60 days, dense PGS disks subjected to 2 days of crosslinking at 120 C and 40 mTorr were found to be deteriorated by 17 ± 6%. 32 In vitro degradation study of electrospun PCL blend with mildly crosslinked PGS polymer (PGSmxl) and PGS prepolymer (PGSp) fiber mats were carried out by Luginina et al 94 in phosphate buffered saline (PBS).…”

“…PGS is a bioresorbable polymer that loses mechanical strength with time due to hydrolytic cleavage of ester links in both in vivo and in vitro applications 93 . After immersion in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution at 37°C for 60 days, dense PGS disks subjected to 2 days of crosslinking at 120°C and 40 mTorr were found to be deteriorated by 17 ± 6% 32 …”

A Minireview of Microfluidic Scaffold Materials in Tissue Engineering

“…The material is reported to be transparent, though we were unable to find out its exact RI. It also has a good elastic modulus of 0.77–1.9 MPa ( Vogt et al, 2021 ) and a high elongation at break 267% ( Barrett and Yousaf, 2009 ). However, it is known to degrade too fast (a half-life of ∼21 days ( Pomerantseva et al, 2009 )) for long-term tissue regeneration.…”

Poly(glycerol sebacate)‐co‐poly(ethylene glycol)/Gelatin Hybrid Hydrogels as Biocompatible Biomaterials for Cell Proliferation and Spreading

“…[26] Also, the outstanding mechanical property and biocompatibility of PGS-co-PEG allowed the materials to be developed and modified with functional moieties for scaffold casting, wound dressing, and bioprinting. [27,28] The hydroxyl groups in the PGSco-PEG structure can be modified with several moieties (e.g., tyramine, [29] aldehyde, [30] methacrylate, [31] and norbornene [32] ) to facilitate the hydrogel formation through chemical crosslinking. Notably, the photosensitive moieties in the PGS-co-PEG structure provide the spatiotemporal control of hydrogel properties as well as allow the hydrogels used for biofabrication.…”