Poly (diallyldimethylammonium) and polyphosphate polyelectrolyte complexes as an all‐in‐one flame retardant for polypropylene

Abstract

Poly (diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) deionized chloride ions and ammonium ions by ionizing in aqueous solution respectively, then combined to form poly (diallyldimethylammonium) and polyphosphate (PAPP) polyelectrolyte complexes as an all-in-one flame retardant for polypropylene and its composites were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. One flame retardant system composed of PAPP and PP, the other flame retardant system composed of PAPP, Polyamide-6 (PA6) and PP were tested by limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94, cone calorimeter tests and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and compared with pure PP. The results showed that the LOI value of PP/PAPP composite can reach 27.5%, and UL-94 V-2 rating can be reached at 25 wt% PAPP loading. Meanwhile the cone calorimetry results displayed that the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) were reduced up to 69.3% and 22.5%, respectively, compared with those of pure PP. After adding 5 wt% PA6, the carbon source missing due to the early PAPP decomposition can be made up, and PHRR and THR can be further reduced slightly. The flame retardant mechanism of PAPP was studied by FTIR spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Six-membered ring of C─N containing conjugate double bonds, cross-linked phosphate structure formed stable, intumescent, compact char layer which greatly improved the flame retardancy of PP.

Flame Retardant Polypropylenes: A Review

“…Symbols are indicative of different types of nitrogen flame retardant used. Here: ■ MP-40 [ 63 ], MPPK-15, MPPK-20, MPPK-25 [ 64 ], MTP-15, MTP-20, MTP-25, MTP-30, m-MTP-30 [ 65 ], MPyP-30 [ 57 ], MPyP-30, TA-CFA-30 [ 66 ], TA-CFA-30 [ 39 ], TA-CFA-30 [ 40 ], TA-CFA-25 [ 37 ], TA-CFA-25 [ 32 ], TA-CA-ZnO-25 [ 29 ], TA-CA-25 [ 67 ], TA-CA-20 [ 27 ], TA-CA-20 [ 23 ], TA-IFR-20 [ 68 ], TA-IFR-25 [ 31 ], PI-FR-25 [ 69 ], PI-IFR-30 [ 70 ], PI-IFR-20, PI-IFR-30, PI-IFR-40 [ 71 ], NOR116-0.5 [ 72 ], NOR116-0.3 [ 73 ], PPU-CA-25 [ 50 ], N-FR-22, N-FR-25 [ 74 ], N-IFR-5, N-IFR-10, N-IFR-15, N-IFR-20, N-IFR-25 [ 75 ], N-IFR-25 [ 76 ], PN-IFR-30 [ 56 ].…”

Poly(diallyldimethylammonium) and polyphosphate polyelectrolyte complex as flame retardant for char-forming epoxy resins

“…PAPP in epoxy resins. 12 Because the initial thermal degradation temperature of PAPP in EP10 composite is lower than epoxy resins. Part of PAPP melts and decomposes, then burn with a small amount of epoxy resins and expands into the external char under the action of non-combustible gases.…”

“…In our previous paper, 12 poly(diallyldimethylammonium) and polyphosphate (PAPP) was synthesized by poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) and APP. PAPP was incorporated into polypropylene (PP) to improve its flame retardation.…”

Synergistic flame retardant effect of piperazine salt and ammonium polyphosphate as intumescent flame retardant system for polypropylene

“…[14][15][16][17] Recently, IFR has become a hot spot due to its low smoke and high carbon content. [18][19][20][21][22] Generally, a classic IFR system is composed of ammonium polyphosphate (APP), pentaerythritol (PER), and melamine (MEL). 23,24 Unfortunately, the flame retardant efficiency of the traditional IFR system is not enough, 30 wt% or even higher loading level was required to achieve the desired flame retardant effect when applied to PP.…”

“…To overcome these shortcomings, different flame retardants for PP have been developed in the past decades 14–17 . Recently, IFR has become a hot spot due to its low smoke and high carbon content 18–22 . Generally, a classic IFR system is composed of ammonium polyphosphate (APP), pentaerythritol (PER), and melamine (MEL) 23,24 .…”