Poly-club-drug use among gay and bisexual men: A longitudinal analysis

Halkitis, Perry N.; Palamar, Joseph J.; Mukherjee, Preetika Pandey

doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.12.028

Cited by 103 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Gay men also have higher rates of tobacco (Rivers, 2004) and illicit drug use (Rivers, 2001;Willoughby, Lai, Doty, Mackey, & Malik, 2008). Use of methamphetamine and other "party drugs" are especially prevalent (Gonzales, Mooney, & Rawson, 2010;Halkitis, Palamar, & Mukherjee, 2007;Lyons, Pitts, & Grierson, 2013b). In addition, rates of depression and anxiety are well above those of the heterosexual population (Chakraborty, McManus, Brugha, Bebbington, & King, 2011;Cochran, Sullivan, & Mays, 2003;King et al, 2008;Lyons, Pitts, & Grierson, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health Disparities Among Common Subcultural Identities of Young Gay Men: Physical, Mental, and Sexual Health

Lyons

Hosking

2014

Arch Sex Behav

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Researchers, policymakers, and health agencies have tended to treat gay men as a relatively homogeneous population, with little attention given to its many subcultural identities. In this study, we focused on young gay men and investigated a range of health-related differences according to common subcultural identities, such as Bear, Cub, and Twink. In a nationwide cross-sectional online survey of 1,034 Australian gay men aged 18-39 years, 44% reported a subcultural identity, the two most common being Cub (9%) and Twink (20%). Logistic and linear regression analyses compared Cub-and Twink-identified men and those without a subcultural identity (Non-identified) on a range of health-related outcomes. After adjusting for differences in age and body mass index (BMI), Twink-identified men had the highest risk profile overall, including significantly higher rates of smoking tobacco and alcohol consumption. They were also significantly more likely to report engaging in receptive anal sex. In addition, Cub-identified men were significantly more likely to report being in an ongoing relationship while Non-identified men were significantly less likely to report experiences of discrimination in the past 12 months. While there were differences on measures of mental health between the three groups, these were no longer significant after adjusting for age and BMI. In all, we found numerous health-related differences according to subcultural identity that warrant further investigation by researchers, health agencies, and anyone concerned with further understanding and addressing health-related challenges of gay men. , with social groups, formal societies, and dedicated venues catering to this group since at least the 1980s (Manley, Levitt, & Mosher, 2007). As a subculture, many of these men have shared identities around embodying traditional forms of masculinity and resisting stereotypes of gay men as effeminate (Filiault & Drummond, 2007). With larger body mass 4 also being a core part of identity for these men, there is potential resistance to weight loss behaviors (Gough & Flanders, 2009), which may have a bearing on health-related outcomes. KEYWORDSTwink-identified men on the other hand are typically lean, relatively young, and usually have shaved or naturally hairless bodies (Filiault & Drummond, 2007). They are arguably less organized as a social group than Bear-or Cub-identified men, but are nevertheless defined by commonly shared stereotypes as less traditionally masculine and more submissive. They also tend to be the most visible "type" on the gay scene, such as in gay bars and clubs (Filiault & Drummond, 2007), where drug use and engaging in risky sex can be relatively common (Halkitis & Parsons, 2002;Lea, Reynolds, & de Wit, 2013).To our knowledge, only one study has reported on links between health and subcultural identity (Willoughby et al., 2008). Conducted in the U.S. with 340 gay men, the study identified at least 12 subcultural identities, including Bear and Twink, with differences found on drug use and...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health Disparities Among Common Subcultural Identities of Young Gay Men: Physical, Mental, and Sexual Health

Lyons

Hosking

2014

Arch Sex Behav

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“…GHB or its precursors 1,4-butanediol and ␥-butyrolactone have been abused by bodybuilders for their steroid-like effects (Dyer, 1991), and GHB is often among the drugs ingested at raves and parties (Degenhardt et al, 2002;Halkitis et al, 2007). GHB has also been used in drug-facilitated sexual assaults (Varela et al, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain Uptake of the Drug of Abuse γ-Hydroxybutyric Acid in Rats

Roiko

Felmlee²,

Morris³

2011

Drug Metab Dispos

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ABSTRACT:␥-Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) is an endogenous compound and a substrate for the ubiquitous monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) family. GHB is also a drug of abuse due to its sedative/hypnotic and euphoric effects, with overdoses resulting in toxicity and death. The goal of this study was to characterize the distribution of GHB into the brain using in vivo microdialysis and in vitro uptake studies and to determine concentration-effect relationships for GHB in a rat animal model. GHB was administered to rats (400, 600, and 800 mg/kg i.v.), and blood, dialysate, and urine were collected for 6 h post-GHB administration. The GHB plasma and extracellular fluid (ECF) concentration-time profiles revealed that GHB concentrations in ECF closely followed plasma GHB concentrations. Sleep time increased in a dosedependent manner (91 ؎ 18, 134 ؎ 11, and 168 ؎ 13 min, for GHB 400, 600, and 800 mg/kg, respectively). GHB partitioning into brain ECF was not significantly different at 400, 600, and 800 mg/kg. GHB uptake in rat and human brain endothelial cells exhibited concentration dependence. The concentrationdependent uptake of GHB at pH 7.4 was best-fit to a singletransporter model [K m ‫؍‬ 18.1 mM (human), 23.3 mM (rat), V max ‫؍‬ 248 and 258 pmol ⅐ mg ؊1 ⅐ min ؊1 for human and rat, respectively].These findings indicate that although GHB distribution into the brain is mediated via MCT transporters, it is not capacity-limited over the range of doses studied in this investigation.

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“…1,2 In a probability-based survey, approximately 11% of gay and bisexual men in Los Angeles and 13% in San Francisco reported using the drug in the previous 6 months. 3 MSM continue to experience increases in prevalence of HIV, 4 likely linked to methamphetamine-associated sexual transmission behaviors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methamphetamine Use Trends among Street-Recruited Gay and Bisexual Males, from 1999 to 2007

2008

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Street outreach encounters were used to collect data of reported alcohol and other drug use among gay and bisexual males (N=11,375) in Hollywood and West Hollywood, California over a 9-year period from January 1999 to December 2007. Analyses were conducted to assess demographic data, self-reported HIV status, and frequency of alcohol and other drug use. Participants averaged 32.3 (SD=7.7) years, slightly over half were Caucasian/white (53%), and most were identified as gay (85.8%). Self-reported HIV seroprevalence was 20.7%. Observations began January to June 1999, with 46.0% reporting recent methamphetamine use, and ended July to December 2007, with 24.8% reporting recent use of methamphetamine. Percent reporting methamphetamine use peaked in the first half of 2002 at 53% and dipped to a low of 11.1% in the second half of 2006. Findings demonstrate the common use of methamphetamine over the observation period in this high-risk group even in the face of a recent decline in reported use. These data also indicate the need for ongoing methamphetamine abuse and HIV-prevention interventions in this particular high-risk population.

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Poly-club-drug use among gay and bisexual men: A longitudinal analysis

Cited by 103 publications

References 39 publications

Health Disparities Among Common Subcultural Identities of Young Gay Men: Physical, Mental, and Sexual Health

Health Disparities Among Common Subcultural Identities of Young Gay Men: Physical, Mental, and Sexual Health

Brain Uptake of the Drug of Abuse γ-Hydroxybutyric Acid in Rats

Methamphetamine Use Trends among Street-Recruited Gay and Bisexual Males, from 1999 to 2007

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