Poly(alkylene terephthalate)s: From current developments in synthetic strategies towards applications

Vos, Lobke De; Voorde, Babs Van de; Daele, Lenny Van; Dubruel, Peter; Vlierberghe, Sandra Van

doi:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110840

Cited by 40 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 256 publications

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“…Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is by far the largest volume polyester, followed by its structurally similar counterpart poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT). 19 Both are semiaromatic polyesters produced by a step-growth condensation process (Figure 1). The nature of the polyester backbone renders this synthetic process reversible, and the depolymerization is the basis for the relatively straightforward recyclability of pristine PET and PBT.…”

Section: ■ ιNtroductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Trends in Polyester Upcycling for Diversifying a Problematic Waste Stream

2023

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We are facing a rapidly growing plastic pollution crisis, which is adversely affecting communities and ecosystems across the globe. Polymer scientists have an urgent obligation to develop and implement strategies for reutilizing plastic waste streams instead of continually relying on virgin feedstocks in plastic manufacturing. Postconsumer and postindustrial plastic items should be treated as valuable resources instead of discarding them. In order to do this, technological outlets must be developed to produce renewed materials using plastic waste as an input. Polyesters represent one of the largest plastic waste streams because they are commonly used in single-use beverage and food containers as well as textiles. Polyesters are also ideal candidates to exploit through chemical diversification, owing to the wide variety of functional derivatives that can be synthetically accessed via ester reactivity. This work highlights some recent developments related to diversifying polyester waste, with a focus on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) as waste stream. The strategies encompass the production of both valuable small molecules prepared via degradation of PET and high-performance polymeric scaffolds derived from reactions with PET. Taking the recent ingenuity into consideration, based on these technological developments, an outlook is provided for the future of polyester waste streams. What are the next steps that are needed? Where are these trends headed? What gaps still exist, particularly with respect to assessment of sustainability and life cycle analysis? Collectively considering the examples highlighted here, there is great promise in the field of reutilizing waste streams as feedstocks for value-added materials.

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Section: ■ ιNtroductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is by far the largest volume polyester, followed by its structurally similar counterpart poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) . Both are semiaromatic polyesters produced by a step-growth condensation process (Figure ).…”

Section: ιNtroductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in Polyester Upcycling for Diversifying a Problematic Waste Stream

2023

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“…PC is principally employed in electronics, data storage, and components in phones [77]. PET is used for products such as bags, packaging, wrappers, and engineering resins [78]. PMMA is used in a wide range of fields which include vehicles, lenses for glasses, and medical and dental applications [79].…”

Section: Chemical Composition Of Surface Water Mpsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of Microplastics and Their Affiliated PAHs in Surface Water in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

et al. 2022

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Microplastic pollution has become a worldwide concern. However, studies on the distribution of microplastics (MPs) from inland water to the ocean and their affiliated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are still limited in Vietnam. In this study, we investigated the distribution of MPs and PAHs associated with MPs in canals, Saigon River, and Can Gio Sea. MPs were found at all sites, with the highest average abundance of MPs being 104.17 ± 162.44 pieces/m3 in canals, followed by 2.08 ± 2.22 pieces/m3 in the sea, and 0.60 ± 0.38 pieces/m3 in the river. Fragment, fiber, and granule were three common shapes, and each shape was dominant in one sampling area. White was the most common MP color at all sites. A total of 13 polymers and co-polymers were confirmed, and polyethylene, polypropylene, and ethylene-vinyl acetate were the three dominant polymers. The total concentration of MPs-affiliated PAHs ranged from 232.71 to 6448.66, from 30.94 to 8940.99, and from 432.95 to 3267.88 ng/g in Can Gio sea, canals, and Saigon River, respectively. Petrogenic sources were suggested as a major source of PAHs associated with MPs in Can Gio Sea, whereas those found in Saigon River and canals were from both petrogenic and pyrogenic sources.

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“…The examination of this physical evidence is one of the most important and frequently performed forensic analyses, forming part of trace evidence analysis. − This examination is generally conducted using microscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and visible-light microspectrophotometry. , Furthermore, instrumental analyses, such as liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS), Raman spectroscopy, and inductively coupled plasma ionization MS, have been used to detect specific minor components, such as dyes/pigments and inorganic elements. Additionally, further research has been carried out to develop new and forensically effective analytical methods. , Polyester, a thermoplastic polymer found in personal belongings, is the most popular material used in synthetic fibers and containers , and for advanced usage, and it is routinely examined in forensic investigations . However, it is difficult to discriminate pairs of polyester fibers with a similar additive composition because microscopic observation and FTIR spectroscopy are insufficient in differentiating between polyesters, and further instrumental analysis targeting dyes/pigments does not seem efficient for colorless polyester fibers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, further research has been carried out to develop new and forensically effective analytical methods. 11 , 12 Polyester, a thermoplastic polymer found in personal belongings, is the most popular material used in synthetic fibers and containers 13 , 14 and for advanced usage, 14 and it is routinely examined in forensic investigations. 12 However, it is difficult to discriminate pairs of polyester fibers with a similar additive composition because microscopic observation and FTIR spectroscopy are insufficient in differentiating between polyesters, and further instrumental analysis targeting dyes/pigments does not seem efficient for colorless polyester fibers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Machine Washing on the Chromatography Parameters of Polyester Fiber Gel Permeation

et al. 2022

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Fiber examination is frequently performed in forensics, and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) is one candidate method for discriminating polyester fibers. Here, the effects of machine washing on weight-average molecular weight (M w ), polydispersity index (PDI), and the percentage peak area of cyclic ethylene terephthalate trimer (PPAL) of commercial polyester shirts and manufactured poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) yarns were investigated using GPC. GPC was performed using a 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-propan-2-ol polymer solubilizer, styrene−divinylbenzene copolymer GPC columns, a chloroform mobile phase, and a 254 nm absorbance monitor. The statistical change in the polyester fibers during machine washing was evaluated by comparing three GPC parameters of the same fiber samples before and after machine washing. Among the commercial polyester shirts examined, the GPC parameters changed significantly after machine washing with a considerable PPAL decrease. In contrast, the GPC parameters of manufactured PET yarns changed significantly with a moderate increase in M w . This work elucidates the change on GPC parameters of polyester fibers by machine washing.

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Poly(alkylene terephthalate)s: From current developments in synthetic strategies towards applications

Cited by 40 publications

References 256 publications

Trends in Polyester Upcycling for Diversifying a Problematic Waste Stream

Trends in Polyester Upcycling for Diversifying a Problematic Waste Stream

Characteristics of Microplastics and Their Affiliated PAHs in Surface Water in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Effects of Machine Washing on the Chromatography Parameters of Polyester Fiber Gel Permeation

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