Poly(acrylamide-co-N,N’-methylene bisacrylamide) monoliths for high peak capacity hydrophilic interaction chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry of intact proteins at low trifluoroacetic acid content

Abstract

In this study, we optimized a polymerization mixture to synthesize polyacrylamide-co-N,N-methylene bisacrylamide monolithic stationary phases for hydrophilic-interaction chromatography (HILIC) of intact proteins. Thermal polymerization was performed, and the effects of varying the amount of crosslinker and the porogen composition on the separation performance of the resulting columns were studied. The homogeneity of the structure and the different porosities were examined through scanning electron microscopy. Further characterization of the monolithic structure revealed a permeable (K_f between 2.5 × 10-15 and 1.40 × 10-13 m2) and polar stationary phase suitable for HILIC. The HILIC separation performance of the different columns was assessed using gradient separation of a sample containing four intact proteins, with the best performing stationary phase exhibiting a peak capacity of 51 in a gradient of 25 min. Polyacrylamide-based materials were compared with a silica-based particulate amide phase (2.7 μm core-shell particles). The monolith has no residual silanol sites and, therefore, fewer sites for ion-exchange interactions with proteins. Thus, it required lower concentrations of ion-pair reagent in HILIC of intact proteins. When using 0.1% of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) the peak capacities of the two columns were similar (31 and 36 for the monolithic and packed column, respectively). However, when decreasing the concentration of TFA to 0.005%, the monolithic column maintained its separation performance and selectivity (peak capacity 26), whereas the packed column showed greatly reduced performance (peak capacity 7), lower selectivity, and inability to elute all four reference proteins. Finally, using a mobile phase containing 0.1% formic acid and 0.005% TFA the HILIC separation on the monolithic column was successfully hyphenated with high-resolution mass spectrometry. Detection sensitivity for protein and glycoproteins was increased and the amount of adducts formed was decreased in comparison with separations performed at 0.1% TFA.

Preparation of poly(N‐vinylpyrrolidone‐co‐pentaerythritol triacrylate) monolithic column for hydrophilic interaction chromatography

“…Polar compounds, such as phenols, xanthines, nucleobases, acidic substances, and pharmaceuticals as well as cytochrome C digestion can be separated into the monolithic column. Interestingly, the poly(acrylamideco-N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide) monolithic column has been successfully used for the separation of intact proteins with HILIC mode [33]. Compared with a silica-based particulate amide phase (2.7 μm core-shell particles), the monolith has no residual silanol sites, thus, it required lower concentrations of ion-pair reagent in HILIC of intact proteins.…”