Nanyi Lake is a tributary in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the largest freshwater lake in southern Anhui. Anthropogenic activities have signi cantly affected the lake with the rapid development of the surrounding economy in recent years. This study collected a total of 39×2 water samples of surface water and overlying water, detected the heavy metal content (As, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Zn, Fe, Cd), and analyzed the spectral characteristics of the dissolved organic matter (DOM). The results demonstrated that the content of heavy metals As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, and Cd in the surface water and overlying water of Nanyi Lake was lower than the class III limits of the environmental quality standard for surface water (GB3838-2002). However, the heavy metals Fe, Mn, and Sb in the overlying and surface water have sites that exceed the limit of class III. The contour map of spatial distribution demonstrated different degrees of heavy metals (except Zn) enrichment near the Langchuan River in the East Lake District. Parallel factor analysis showed that the main components of DOM in Nanyi Lake were tryptophan-like, fulvic acid-like, and tyrosine-like, and the dissolved organic matter was primarily derived from autogenous endogenous sources. The principal component and correlation analysis showed that the heavy metals in Nanyi Lake were primarily derived from the production wastewater discharged by the surrounding industrial and mining enterprises through the rivers input, followed by the non-point source runoff input of the surrounding agricultural production and lake aquaculture. eventually harm human health through biological enrichment or food chain transmission (Belabed et al., 2013 ). The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are the most densely distributed areas of lakes in China. With the rapid population growth, urbanization, and intensive agricultural production in the basin, a large number of heavy metals are discharged into lakes along with industrial wastewater, agricultural wastewater, and domestic sewage, thereby resulting in heavy metal enrichment in several lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Zhang et al ( 2017) reported that the heavy metal Ni in the water of Daye Lake exceeded the class III limit of the surface water quality standard. Li et al ( 2011) found the content of elemental mercury in Chaohu Lake to be between Class III and Class IV of the surface water quality standard. Zhang et al (2015) demonstrated that the risk level of dissolved cadmium in the water of Poyang Lake was close to the recommended value of the International Commission for Radiation Protection. Jiang et al (2018) reported that the cadmium concentration in the water of Caizi Lake in Tongling, Anhui Province, was approximately six times the safety threshold speci ed by international legislation.The ecological risk caused by heavy metals cannot only be judged from the total amount of heavy metals in the environment, considering the interaction among different species, metal elements, and env...