Pollution Sources and Mortality Rates Across Rural-Urban Areas in the United States

Hendryx, Michael; Fedorko, Evan; Halverson, Joel

doi:10.1111/j.1748-0361.2010.00305.x

Cited by 48 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The main limitations result from definitions used in our analysis and the NSDUH. Our definition of nonmetropolitan counties as ''rural'' diminishes the complexity and differences within rural communities, though this definition is an established method used in prior studies (28,29,51,52). Rurality can be been defined by different measurements -such as population size or density, degree of urbanization, adjacency and relationship to a metropolitan area, principal economic activity, economic and trade relationships, and work commutes -leading to different outcomes (53).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Source of prescription drugs used nonmedically in rural and urban populations

Wang

Fiellin

Becker

2014

The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Counties outside of a metropolitan statistical area (RUCC ¼ 4-9) have been categorized into ''nonmetropolitan counties.'' Similar to other peer-reviewed literature, we use ''urban'' to refer to the metropolitan counties and ''rural'' to refer to nonmetropolitan counties (28)(29)(30)(31).…”

Section: Main Independent Variable Of Interest -County Of Residencementioning

confidence: 99%

Source of prescription drugs used nonmedically in rural and urban populations

Wang

Fiellin

Becker

2014

The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse

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“…Long-term exposure to polluted water and soil can have serious environmental consequences as well as health hazards such as diarrhea, abortion, hepatitis A, and typhoid (Bagla, 1996;Cutler and Miller, 2005;Boyle, 2007;Hendryx et al, 2010;Zhang et al, 2010;Grant et al, 2012;Naik and Stenstrom, 2012;Kelepertzis, 2014). Heavy metals, nitrites and organic pollutants in contaminated water and soil could increase the potential risk of cancers (Montesano and Hall, 2001;Hansen et al, 2003;Galiani et al, 2005;Wild et al, 2006;He, 2013).…”

Section: Pollution Related Health Risks In Food Production Basesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts of soil and water pollution on food safety and health risks in China

Lü

Shi

Wang

et al. 2015

Environment International

892

318

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Tieyu. 2015. Impacts of soil and water pollution on food safety and health risks in China. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V.This version available http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/509736/ NERC has developed NORA to enable users to access research outputs wholly or partially funded by NERC. Copyright and other rights for material on this site are retained by the rights owners. Users should read the terms and conditions of use of this material at http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/policies.html#access NOTICE: this is the author's version of a work that was accepted for publication in Environment International. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in Environment International, 77. 5-15. 10.1016International, 77. 5-15. 10. /j.envint.2014 www.elsevier.com/ Contact CEH NORA team at noraceh@ceh.ac.ukThe NERC and CEH trademarks and logos ('the Trademarks') are registered trademarks of NERC in the UK and other countries, and may not be used without the prior written consent of the Trademark owner. Impacts of Soil and Water Pollution on Food Safety and Health Risks in China AbstractEnvironmental pollution and food safety are two of the most important issues of our time. Soil and water pollution, in particular, have historically impacted on food safety which represents an important threat to human health. Nowhere has that situation been more complex and challenging than in China, where a combination of pollution and an increasing food safety risk have affected a large part of the population. Water scarcity, pesticide over-application, and chemical pollutants are considered to be the most important factors impacting on food safety in China. Inadequate quantity and quality of surface water resources in China have led to the long-term use of waste-water irrigation to fulfill the water requirements for agricultural production. In some regions this has caused serious agricultural land and food pollution, especially for heavy metals. It is important, therefore, that issues threatening food safety such as combined pesticide residues and heavy metal pollution are addressed to reduce risks to human health. The increasing negative effects on food safety from water and soil pollution have put more people at risk of carcinogenic diseases, potentially contributing to 'cancer villages' which appear to correlate strongly with the main food producing areas. Currently in China, food safety policies are not integrated with soil and water pollution management policies. Here, a comprehensive map of both soil and water pollution threats to food safety in China is presented and integrated policies addressing soil and water pollution for achieving food safety are suggested to provide a holistic approach.

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“…For example, many studies have found that minority groups tend to be exposed to higher levels of environmental hazards (23, 24). In addition, women from urban and rural areas may have very different environmental exposures (25, 26). These differences may imply that exclusion of women with certain characteristics from an epidemiological study may significantly affect the results, especially when they have also been found to have higher risk of adverse health outcomes as previously discussed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential selection bias associated with using geocoded birth records for epidemiologic research

Mao

et al. 2016

Annals of Epidemiology

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Purpose There is an increasing use of geocoded birth registry data in environmental epidemiology research. Ungeocoded records are routinely excluded. Methods We used classification and regression tree analysis (CART) and logistic regression to investigate potential selection bias associated with this exclusion among all singleton Florida births in 2009 (N=210,285). Results The rate of unsuccessful geocoding was 11.5% (n=24,171). This ranged between 0% to 100% across zip codes. Living in a rural zip code was the strongest predictor of being ungeocoded. Other predictors for geocoding status varied with urbanity status. In urban areas, maternal race [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) ranging between 1.08 for Hispanic to 1.18 for Black compared to White], maternal age [aOR: 1.16 (1.10-1.23) for ages 20-34 compared to <20], maternal nativity [aOR: 1.20 (1.15, 1.25) for Non-US vs. US born], delivery at a birth center [aOR: 1.72(1.49, 2.00 compared to hospital delivery)], multiparity [aOR: 0.91 (0.88, 0.94)], maternal smoking [aOR: 0.82 (0.76-0.88)] and having non-private insurance [aOR: 1.25 (1.20-1.30) for Medicaid vs. private insurance] were significantly associated with being ungeocoded. In rural areas, births delivered at birth center [aOR: 2.91(1.80-4.73)] or home [aOR: 1.94(1.28-2.95) had increased odds compared to hospital births. The characteristics predictive of being ungeocoded were also significantly associated with adverse birth outcomes such as low birthweight and preterm delivery, and the association for maternal age was different when ungeocoded births were included and excluded. Conclusions Geocoding status is not random. Women with certain exposure-outcome characteristics may be more likely to be ungeocoded and excluded, indicating potential selection bias.

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Pollution Sources and Mortality Rates Across Rural-Urban Areas in the United States

Cited by 48 publications

References 21 publications

Source of prescription drugs used nonmedically in rural and urban populations

Source of prescription drugs used nonmedically in rural and urban populations

Impacts of soil and water pollution on food safety and health risks in China

Potential selection bias associated with using geocoded birth records for epidemiologic research

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