Pollution investigation and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil and water from selected dumpsite locations in rivers and Bayelsa State, Nigeria

Abstract

The transfer ratio of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from soil dumpsite to borehole water is dependent of polluting source and exposure matrices that causes immerse health risk to man and environment over a period of time. PAHs were assessed in selected soil dumpsite and borehole water located at Rivers state (Eleme, Eliozu, Eneka, Oyigbo, and Woji) and Bayelsa state (Yenagoa), Nigeria. Soil samples were collected at four different points 30 m (North, South, East and West) locations at a depth of 15 cm for each dumpsite using soil auger while control samples were collected 200 m away (farmland), where there were little anthropogenic activities and no presence of active dumpsites. Borehole water samples were collected from 300 m distance, which were packaged in an amber container, labeled, and transported to the laboratory for analysis. Standard analytical methods were employed. PAHs concentrations were analyzed using gas chromatography- mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after extraction of water and soil using liquid-liquid and soxhlet extraction methods respectively and clean-up of the extracts, thereafter the laboratory data generated were subjected to statistical analysis. Total PAHs (ΣPAHS) concentrations in soil samples from the study sites ranged from 2.4294 mg/kg in Yenagoa to 5.1662 mg/kg in Eleme while in water samples the total PAHs ranged from 1.3935 mg/L in Woji to 3.009 mg/L in Eleme. The total PAH concentrations in the soil were above the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry levels of 1.0 mg/kg for a considerably contaminated site except for the control sites. The total concentration of carcinogenic PAHs ranged from 0.0038 to 1.1301mg/kg in soil samples and 0.0014 to 0.9429 mg/L in borehole water samples, therefore raising concern of human exposure via food chain. The results indicate that low molecular weight PAHs were more dominant than high molecular weight PAHs in both soil and water samples, however molecular diagnostic ratio shows that pyrogenic activities are major sources of PAHs as compared to petrogenic origin. Multivariate analysis (principal component analysis and Pearson correlation) showed strong negative correlation implying that they were from dissimilar sources and different migratory route. Cancer and non-cancer risk showed that children were more at risk compared to adults, where inhalation exposure were major contribution as compared to ingestion and dermal exposure, as such there is a need to implement regulatory laws on indiscriminate release of PAHs contaminants to maintain sustainability.

Hydrocarbons Utilizing Coliform from Polluted Soil (Sandy, Clay and Loamy) in Jega, Nigeria

“…Crude oil pollution is currently considered to be a great threat to the health of living things in the environment including humans. Nigeria records an average of 300 oil spills in the oil producing States annually, making the Niger Delta regions the most polluted part of Nigeria, affecting the air, soil and water bodies [24]. Early reports estimated that about 0.08 to 0.4% of the internationally produced crude oil is spilled into the environment [25].…”

Pollution Evaluation of Industrial Effluents from Consolidated Breweries: A Case Study from Benue State, Nigeria

“…The pollutants are present in concentrations that may be toxic to different organisms [34][35][36]. The concentration of Cadmium across the study area ranged from 0.001 at sampling points B and D to 0.007 at sampling point C. The values recorded were lower than (0.043 mg/l) and (0.072 mg/l) in the water reported by Oguzie and Okhagbuzo [37].…”

Heavy Metals in Alcoholic Beverages Consumed in Awka, South-East Nigeria: Carcinogenic and Non-carcinogenic Health Risk Assessments

“…From the present study (Table 5 and Fig. 3), the concentration of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Ni, and Zn showed that hazard quotients were all less than one (1) across all alcoholic beverages, as the hazard index (total hazard quotient) showed that H (1.48) and PW (1.89) were above one (1), which implies signi cant health effect or illness is possible for a period of time, whereas HG (0.51), IRW (0.80), IDG (0.73), LDG (0.75), GS (0.80) and W (0.97) were less than one (1) indicating no apparent potential health risk such as intoxication, drunkenness, vomiting, overdose in tandem to death, oxidative damage, chronic in ammatory diseases, premature aging and lung embolism [59,75,[89][90][91].…”

“…The cancer risk (Table 5) evaluates the incremental chance that a respondent (adult) develops cancer-based issues over a period of time from a carcinogen [89,91]. As we can see, the risk total (Fig.…”