Pollination Systems as Isolating Mechanisms in Angiosperms

Grant, Verne

doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1949.tb00007.x

Cited by 371 publications

(209 citation statements)

References 35 publications

(13 reference statements)

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“…Perhaps most often invoked is their use of animals to transport pollen between flowers. The capacity of extreme specialization in flower form and function is thought to have increased diversification rates (Grant 1949; Crepet and Niklas 2009) and increased the range of pollen and seed dispersal, opening new opportunities for further specialization and diversification (Stebbins 1974). These venerable ideas need further scrutiny in order to develop a programme for testing the validity of their components.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This could come about in three ways: (i) attracting and rewarding a set of pollinator species not used by related plant species, (ii) petals enforcing specialized handling, promoting associative learning or otherwise enhancing constancy (temporary floral specialization by individual animals), or (iii) petals causing pollen placement and stigma contact in places on the pollinator not used by other species. Verne Grant (1949, 1971, 1994 a ) classified (i) and (ii) as ethological isolation and (iii) as mechanical isolation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2): (i) floral isolation sensu stricto ( s.s. ), which implies biologically significant reproductive isolation as a result of floral traits acting on their own (i.e. floral isolation as a category of reproductive isolation; see Grant 1949, 1971, 1994 a , b ; reviewed in Kay and Sargent 2009); (ii) floral ‘isolation’ sensu lato ( s.l. ), where there is some segregation of pollen flow, i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Floral specialization and angiosperm diversity: phenotypic divergence, fitness trade-offs and realized pollination accuracy

2014

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This review considers the role of reproductive factors in the evolutionary success of flowering plants, with emphasis on flowers and pollination. Flowers are complex structures that have varying degrees of integration of parts and surprising evolutionary lability. Diversification of floral form usually accompanies plant diversification by speciation. This correlation has traditionally been interpreted as the result of floral specialization increasing speciation rates. However, another possibility is that species diversity generates selection for divergent specialized flowers when related species occur together, thereby reducing extinction rates.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Floral specialization and angiosperm diversity: phenotypic divergence, fitness trade-offs and realized pollination accuracy

2014

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“…Finally, environmental conditions and biotic communities likely varied among refugia, and the different selective pressures imposed by those environments provided the opportunity for ecological speciation (reviewed in Givnish 2010). This includes not only abiotic, but also biotic factors – variation among the available pollinators would have been of particular importance to plant reproduction, divergence, and floral evolution (Grant 1949; Nakazato et al 2013). The aforementioned factors could have acted independently or in concert to promote genetic divergence.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrating environmental, molecular, and morphological data to unravel an ice‐age radiation of arctic‐alpine Campanula in western North America

DeChaine

Wendling

Forester

2014

Ecology and Evolution

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Many arctic-alpine plant genera have undergone speciation during the Quaternary. The bases for these radiations have been ascribed to geographic isolation, abiotic and biotic differences between populations, and/or hybridization and polyploidization. The Cordilleran Campanula L. (Campanulaceae Juss.), a monophyletic clade of mostly endemic arctic-alpine taxa from western North America, experienced a recent and rapid radiation. We set out to unravel the factors that likely influenced speciation in this group. To do so, we integrated environmental, genetic, and morphological datasets, tested biogeographic hypotheses, and analyzed the potential consequences of the various factors on the evolutionary history of the clade. We created paleodistribution models to identify potential Pleistocene refugia for the clade and estimated niche space for individual taxa using geographic and climatic data. Using 11 nuclear loci, we reconstructed a species tree and tested biogeographic hypotheses derived from the paleodistribution models. Finally, we tested 28 morphological characters, including floral, vegetative, and seed characteristics, for their capacity to differentiate taxa. Our results show that the combined effect of Quaternary climatic variation, isolation among differing environments in the mountains in western North America, and biotic factors influencing floral morphology contributed to speciation in this group during the mid-Pleistocene. Furthermore, our biogeographic analyses uncovered asynchronous consequences of interglacial and glacial periods for the timing of refugial isolation within the southern and northwestern mountains, respectively. These findings have broad implications for understanding the processes promoting speciation in arctic-alpine plants and the rise of numerous endemic taxa across the region.

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“…For example, the development of the flower might have spurred angiosperm diversification through plant–pollinator interactions that afforded new possibilities for reproductive isolation and adaptive differentiation [2], [4]–[9]. Moreover, particular floral traits, such as nectar spurs, bilateral symmetry (zygomorphy), and scent, might have promoted diversification of particular clades by providing further mechanisms for reproductive isolation [10]–[13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Tale of Two Morphs: Modeling Pollen Transfer, Magic Traits, and Reproductive Isolation in Parapatry

et al. 2014

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The evolution of the flower is commonly thought to have spurred angiosperm diversification. Similarly, particular floral traits might have promoted diversification within specific angiosperm clades. We hypothesize that traits promoting the precise positional transfer of pollen between flowers might promote diversification. In particular, precise pollen transfer might produce partial reproductive isolation that facilitates adaptive divergence between parapatric populations differing in their reproductive-organ positions. We investigate this hypothesis with an individual-based model of pollen transfer dynamics associated with heterostyly, a floral syndrome that depends on precise pollen transfer. Our model shows that precise pollen transfer can cause sexual selection leading to divergence in reproductive-organ positions between populations served by different pollinators, pleiotropically causing an increase in reproductive isolation through a “magic trait” mechanism. Furthermore, this increased reproductive isolation facilitates adaptive divergence between the populations in an unlinked, ecologically selected trait. In a different pollination scenario, however, precise pollen transfer causes a decrease in adaptive divergence by promoting asymmetric gene flow. Our results highlight the idea that magic traits are not “magic” in isolation; in particular, the effect size of magic traits in speciation depends on the external environment, and also on other traits that modify the strength of the magic trait's influence on non-random mating. Overall, we show that the evolutionary consequences of pollen transfer dynamics can depend strongly on the available pollinator fauna and on the morphological fit between flowers and pollinators. Furthermore, our results illustrate the potential importance of even weak reproductive isolating barriers in facilitating adaptive divergence.

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Pollination Systems as Isolating Mechanisms in Angiosperms

Cited by 371 publications

References 35 publications

Floral specialization and angiosperm diversity: phenotypic divergence, fitness trade-offs and realized pollination accuracy

Floral specialization and angiosperm diversity: phenotypic divergence, fitness trade-offs and realized pollination accuracy

Integrating environmental, molecular, and morphological data to unravel an ice‐age radiation of arctic‐alpine Campanula in western North America

A Tale of Two Morphs: Modeling Pollen Transfer, Magic Traits, and Reproductive Isolation in Parapatry

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