Pollination, Seed Set and Pollen Tube Growth Investigations in Viola Pedata L.

Becker, W.; Ewart, Lowell C.

doi:10.17660/actahortic.1990.272.3

Cited by 8 publications

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“…4 ), constructed from the minimum coalescent ages, places the Pedatae lineage as sister to the other two lineages and Mexicanae nested within Boreali-Americanae . The isolated position of Pedatae is not surprising: its single species, V. pedata , differs sharply in having deeply divided leaves, often differently colored petals, lack of cleistogamy, and is the only violet known to be (partially) self-incompatible ( Becker and Ewart 1990 ). The second lineage, Boreali-Americanae , largely sympatric with the former, consists of numerous morphotypes and ecotypes that are variably distinct, variably sympatric, and variably interfertile ( Clausen 1962 , Gil-ad 1997 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inferring Species Networks from Gene Trees in High-Polyploid North American and Hawaiian Violets (Viola, Violaceae)

et al. 2011

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The phylogenies of allopolyploids take the shape of networks and cannot be adequately represented as bifurcating trees. Especially for high polyploids (i.e., organisms with more than six sets of nuclear chromosomes), the signatures of gene homoeolog loss, deep coalescence, and polyploidy may become confounded, with the result that gene trees may be congruent with more than one species network. Herein, we obtained the most parsimonious species network by objective comparison of competing scenarios involving polyploidization and homoeolog loss in a high-polyploid lineage of violets (Viola, Violaceae) mostly or entirely restricted to North America, Central America, or Hawaii. We amplified homoeologs of the low-copy nuclear gene, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI), by single-molecule polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the chloroplast trnL-F region by conventional PCR for 51 species and subspecies. Topological incongruence among GPI homoeolog subclades, owing to deep coalescence and two instances of putative loss (or lack of detection) of homoeologs, were reconciled by applying the maximum tree topology for each subclade. The most parsimonious species network and the fossil-based calibration of the homoeolog tree favored monophyly of the high polyploids, which has resulted from allodecaploidization 9–14 Ma, involving sympatric ancestors from the extant Viola sections Chamaemelanium (diploid), Plagiostigma (paleotetraploid), and Viola (paleotetraploid). Although two of the high-polyploid lineages (Boreali-Americanae, Pedatae) remained decaploid, recurrent polyploidization with tetraploids of section Plagiostigma within the last 5 Ma has resulted in two 14-ploid lineages (Mexicanae, Nosphinium) and one 18-ploid lineage (Langsdorffianae). This implies a more complex phylogenetic and biogeographic origin of the Hawaiian violets (Nosphinium) than that previously inferred from rDNA data and illustrates the necessity of considering polyploidy in phylogenetic and biogeographic reconstruction.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inferring Species Networks from Gene Trees in High-Polyploid North American and Hawaiian Violets (Viola, Violaceae)

et al. 2011

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“…This species is unusual also in maintaining a presumably balanced polymorphism in corolla colour pattern, with individuals with dark violet-black upper petals increasingly common further south in the range, and individuals with all petals light violet increasingly common to the north. Finally, V. pedata is the only member of the genus reported to be self-incompatible [280]. Phylogenetic studies involving all North American lineages have shown that, like V. clauseniana, V. pedata does belong to the Nosphinium lineage but has ambiguous relationships among the other species.…”

Section: Dirimliensismentioning

confidence: 99%

A Revised Phylogenetic Classification for Viola (Violaceae)

Marcussen

Ballard

Danihelka

et al. 2022

Plants

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The genus Viola (Violaceae) is among the 40–50 largest genera among angiosperms, yet its taxonomy has not been revised for nearly a century. In the most recent revision, by Wilhelm Becker in 1925, the then-known 400 species were distributed among 14 sections and numerous unranked groups. Here, we provide an updated, comprehensive classification of the genus, based on data from phylogeny, morphology, chromosome counts, and ploidy, and based on modern principles of monophyly. The revision is presented as an annotated global checklist of accepted species of Viola, an updated multigene phylogenetic network and an ITS phylogeny with denser taxon sampling, a brief summary of the taxonomic changes from Becker’s classification and their justification, a morphological binary key to the accepted subgenera, sections and subsections, and an account of each infrageneric subdivision with justifications for delimitation and rank including a description, a list of apomorphies, molecular phylogenies where possible or relevant, a distribution map, and a list of included species. We distribute the 664 species accepted by us into 2 subgenera, 31 sections, and 20 subsections. We erect one new subgenus of Viola (subg. Neoandinium, a replacement name for the illegitimate subg. Andinium), six new sections (sect. Abyssinium, sect. Himalayum, sect. Melvio, sect. Nematocaulon, sect. Spathulidium, sect. Xanthidium), and seven new subsections (subsect. Australasiaticae, subsect. Bulbosae, subsect. Clausenianae, subsect. Cleistogamae, subsect. Dispares, subsect. Formosanae, subsect. Pseudorupestres). Evolution within the genus is discussed in light of biogeography, the fossil record, morphology, and particular traits. Viola is among very few temperate and widespread genera that originated in South America. The biggest identified knowledge gaps for Viola concern the South American taxa, for which basic knowledge from phylogeny, chromosome counts, and fossil data is virtually absent. Viola has also never been subject to comprehensive anatomical study. Studies into seed anatomy and morphology are required to understand the fossil record of the genus.

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“…This species is unusual also in maintaining a presumably balanced polymorphism in corolla colour pattern, with individuals with dark violet-black upper petals increasingly common further south in the range, and individuals with all petals light violet increasingly common to the north. Finally, V. pedata is the only member of the genus reported to be self-incompatible [235]. Phylogenetic studies involving all North American lineages have shown that, like V. clauseniana , V. pedata does belong to the Nosphinium lineage but has ambiguous relationships among the other species.…”

Section: [2] Viola Subg Violamentioning

confidence: 99%

A revised phylogenetic classification forViola(Violaceae)

Marcussen

Ballard

Danihelka

et al. 2022

Preprint

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The genus Viola (Violaceae) is among the 40–50 largest genera among angiosperms, yet its taxonomy has not been revised for nearly a century. In the most recent revision, by Wilhelm Becker in 1925, the then known 400 species were distributed among 14 sections and numerous unranked groups. Here we provide an updated, comprehensive classification of the genus, based on data from phylogeny, morphology, chromosome counts, and ploidy, and based on modern principles of monophyly. The revision is presented as an annotated global checklist of accepted species of Viola, an updated multigene phylogenetic network and an ITS phylogeny with denser taxon sampling, a brief summary of the taxonomic changes from Becker’s classification and their justification, a morphological binary key to the accepted subgenera, sections and subsections, and an account of each infrageneric subdivision with justifications for delimitation and rank including a description, a list of apomorphies, molecular phylogenies where possible or relevant, a distribution map, and a list of included species. We subdivide the 658 species accepted by us into 2 subgenera, 31 sections, and 20 subsections. We erect one new subgenus of Viola (subg. Neoandinium, a replacement name for the illegitimate subg. Andinium), six new sections (sect. Abyssinium, sect. Himalayum, sect. Melvio, sect. Nematocaulon, sect. Spathulidium, sect. Xanthidium), and seven new subsections (subsect. Australasiaticae, subsect. Bulbosae, subsect. Clausenianae, subsect. Cleistogamae, subsect. Dispares, subsect. Formosanae, subsect. Pseudorupestres). Evolution within the genus is discussed in light of biogeography, fossil record, morphology, and particular traits. Viola is among very few temperate and widespread genera that originated in South America. The biggest identified knowledge gaps for Viola concern the South American taxa, for which basic knowledge from phylogeny, chromosome counts, and fossil data is virtually absent. Viola has also never been subject to comprehensive anatomical study. Study on seed anatomy and morphology is required to understand the fossil record of the genus.

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Pollination, Seed Set and Pollen Tube Growth Investigations in Viola Pedata L.

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

Inferring Species Networks from Gene Trees in High-Polyploid North American and Hawaiian Violets (Viola, Violaceae)

Inferring Species Networks from Gene Trees in High-Polyploid North American and Hawaiian Violets (Viola, Violaceae)

A Revised Phylogenetic Classification for Viola (Violaceae)

A revised phylogenetic classification forViola(Violaceae)

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