Pollen records from the middle Pleistocene atapuerca site (Burgos, Spain)

The challenge of pollen analysis in palaeoenvironmental studies of hominid beds: the record from Sterkfontein caves

“…   .  of it is sterile while the rest is not rich in pollen (Garcia-Anton & Sainz-Ollero, 1991). The absence of pollen, or poor concentrations, has also been confirmed by a more recent study (Y. Fernandez-Jalvo & L. Scott, unpublished data).…”

Long-term climate record inferred from early-middle Pleistocene amphibian and squamate reptile assemblages at the Gran Dolina Cave, Atapuerca, Spain

“…Palynological studies at Gran Dolina (Garcia Anton and Sainz Ollero, 1991;Garcia Anton, 1995) have documented varyingly rich pollen spectra. The TD5, TD6, and 1D7 pollen spectra are very poor, but document a more or less open forest cover with Quercus, Cupressaceae, and some Mediterranean floristic elements (Olea, Pistacea), suggesting alternations of cold and temperate periods.…”

Glacial refugia of temperate, Mediterranean and Ibero‐North African flora in south‐eastern Spain: new evidence from cave pollen at two Neanderthal man sites

“…For continental parts of the Iberian Península, there exists both pollen and palaeobotanical evidence of mesophilous taxa in glacial and late glacial contexts (Dupré, 1988;Pons & Reille, 1988;García-Antón et al, 1990;García-Antón & Sainz-Ollero, 1991;Carrión & Sánchez-Gómez, 1992;Pérez-Obiol & Julià, 1994;Blanco et al, 1997). When cave pollen is considered along with reference pollen sequences and charcoal findings, everything seems to point less to refugia restricted to the far south (Brewer et al, 2002), than to survival of stationary tree populations in many parts of the Peninsula, particularly in intramontane valleys in the Baetic, pre-Baetic, Iberian and other coastal ranges, with expansion and contraction in the central uplands.…”