Pollen, phytoliths, arthropods and high-resolution 14C sampling from Rano Kau, Easter Island: evidence for late Quaternary environments, ant (Formicidae) distributions and human activity

Horrocks, Mark; Marra, Maureen; Baisden, W. Troy; Flenley, J. R.; Feek, D.; Nualart, Lilian González; Haoa-Cardinali, S.; Gorman, T. Edmunds

doi:10.1007/s10933-013-9735-5

Cited by 42 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Additional evidence of human activity in the Kao catchment has been found in the lake shores just beneath Orongo (Figures 4, 7), where pollen, phytolith, and starch analyses of marginal sediment cores have documented relatively intense horticultural activity based on cultigens of Polynesian origin (Horrocks et al, 2012b(Horrocks et al, , 2013(Horrocks et al, , 2016. Unfortunately, sediments had been mixed by human activity, which has prevented the development of a reliable chronological model.…”

Section: The Prehistoric Cultural Shiftmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The more marginal sites have provided composite sequences where the floating mat overlies the bottom sediments, whereas in more central localities, the floating mat and the bottom sediment records are separated by a water column of variable depth, up to ∼10 m. The longest sequences retrieved from the lake are of ∼10 to 20 m depth, and have maximum ages between ∼15 and ∼34 cal kyr BP, respectively (Gossen, 2011;Horrocks et al, 2013). These cores did not reach the bedrock and the total depth of Kao sediments remains unknown.…”

Section: Lake Kao and The New Record The Lake And Its Sedimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such recent studies have also provided evidence for the potential role of climatic shifts and climate-human synergies on the island's ecological and cultural developments, which has challenged former paradigms . Similar paleoecological reconstructions are still unavailable for Rano Kao, where the attainment of reliable agedepth models for the last millennia has been hampered primarily by the occurrence of frequent age inversions (Flenley and King, 1984;Flenley et al, 1991;Butler et al, 2004;Butler and Flenley, 2010;Horrocks et al, 2012bHorrocks et al, , 2013. Gossen (2007Gossen ( , 2011) obtained a coherent sequence for the last millennia but paleoecological analyses similar to those of Aroi and Raraku, useful to unravel deforestation trends, are unavailable.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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CLAFS, a Holistic Climatic-Ecological-Anthropogenic Hypothesis on Easter Island's Deforestation and Cultural Change: Proposals and Testing Prospects

et al. 2018

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This paper reviews the existing hypotheses concerning the cultural shift from the Ancient Cult (AC) to the Birdman Cult (BC) that occurred on Easter Island (Rapa Nui) during the last millennium and introduces a holistic new hypothesis called CLAFS (Climate-Landscape-Anthropogenic Feedbacks and Synergies), which considers a variety of potential drivers of cultural change and their interactions. The CLAFS hypothesis can be tested with future paleoecological studies on new sedimentary sequences such as the new continuous and coherent record encompassing the last millennium from Rano Kao (KAO08-03) using a combination of pollen, non-pollen palynomorphs (NPP), charcoal, and fecal lipid analyses, at decadal to multidecadal resolution. The Kao record should be compared with other continuous records of the last millennium available for the two other freshwater bodies of the island, Rano Aroi and Rano Raraku, to obtain an island-wide perspective of spatio-temporal deforestation patterns in relation to climatic shifts and human activities. The CLAFS hypothesis predicts that the shift from the AC to the BC was associated with the drying out and deforestation of Rano Raraku (the center of the AC) by ∼1,570 CE, followed by human migration to Rano Kao (the social center of the BC), where freshwater and forests were still available. Under the CLAFS scenario, this migration would have occurred by ∼1,600 CE. Findings to the contrary would require modification and refinement, or outright rejection, of the CLAFS hypothesis and the consideration of alternate hypotheses compatible with new paleoecological evidence. Regardless the final results, archeological evidence will be required to link climatic and ecological events with cultural developments.

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Section: The Prehistoric Cultural Shiftmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Lake Kao and The New Record The Lake And Its Sedimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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CLAFS, a Holistic Climatic-Ecological-Anthropogenic Hypothesis on Easter Island's Deforestation and Cultural Change: Proposals and Testing Prospects

et al. 2018

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“…This has been explained in terms of altitudinal differences in the vegetation cover due to climatic constraints (Flenley and bahn 2003), a hypothesis that has not been confirmed yet. In the Kao basin, the lack of a reliable chronology (butler and Flenley 2010;Horrocks et al 2013) complicates the interpretation, but the record showed the occurrence of two deforestation events, between AD 50 and 100, and AD 1350 and 1800 (butler and Flenley 2010). Spatio-temporal differences in deforestation patterns agree with the apparent heterogeneity in land-use practices documented by archaeological evidence (Stevenson et al 2015).…”

Section: Deforestationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate changes and cultural shifts on Easter Island during the last three millennia

Rull¹,

Cañellas-Boltà²,

Margalef³

et al. 2016

PAGES Mag

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“…Sophora toromiro, era parte del sotobosque de los palmares de Niu (Paschalococos disperta) propuestos por , Flenley et al (1991) Rull et al (2010), Horrocks et al (2013). De acuerdo con lo señalado anteriormente, el hábitat original de esta especie para la data revisada pueda ser catalogado como de bosquetes en el cual su ubicación en el estrato entra en la categoría codominante y tolerante.…”

Section: Comentariosunclassified

Antecedentes históricos en la descripción y del uso de Sophora toromiro (Phil.) Skottsb. (Fabaceae) en su hábitat natural: 1770-1948

Espejo¹,

Rodríguez²

2013

Gayana Bot.

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Antecedentes históricos en la descripción y del uso de RESUMENSophora toromiro (Phil.) Skottsb. especie extinta en Isla de Pascua es descrita como un árbol de pequeñas dimensiones para mediados del siglo XVIII. Los bosquetes identificados por los relatos quedan ubicados mayoritariamente al interior de la isla, como en la cima de los cráteres de los volcanes de Rapa Nui. La madera fue ampliamente utilizada por los isleños principalmente en artefactos de índole sacra, sin embargo ya a fines del siglo XVIII la necesidad de madera y la pérdida de culto por las nuevas generaciones de Rapa Nui evidencian un cambio en su uso. Los últimos bosquetes como rebrotes fueron diezmados por herbivoría de masa ovejuna que fue desarrollada a gran escala en Isla de Pascua. En la actualidad esta especie está catalogada como extinta en su hábitat natural según la UICN. PALABRAS CLAVE:Sophora toromiro, conservación, Isla de Pascua. ABSTRACTSophora toromiro (Phil.) Skottsb. extinct species of Easter Island is described as a small tree to mid-eighteenth century. The clumps are identified by the first visitors and related mostly located within the island, as on top of the craters of the volcanoes of Rapa Nui. The wood was widely used by the islanders mainly in such sacred artifacts, however since the late eighteenth century the need for wood and the loss of worship for the new generations of Rapa Nui show a change in use. The last woods and shoots were decimated by herbivory that was developed sheepish mass scale on Easter Island. At present this species is listed as extinct in the wild by UICN.

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Pollen, phytoliths, arthropods and high-resolution 14C sampling from Rano Kau, Easter Island: evidence for late Quaternary environments, ant (Formicidae) distributions and human activity

Cited by 42 publications

References 32 publications

CLAFS, a Holistic Climatic-Ecological-Anthropogenic Hypothesis on Easter Island's Deforestation and Cultural Change: Proposals and Testing Prospects

CLAFS, a Holistic Climatic-Ecological-Anthropogenic Hypothesis on Easter Island's Deforestation and Cultural Change: Proposals and Testing Prospects

Climate changes and cultural shifts on Easter Island during the last three millennia

Antecedentes históricos en la descripción y del uso de Sophora toromiro (Phil.) Skottsb. (Fabaceae) en su hábitat natural: 1770-1948

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