Pollen‐Mediated Gene Flow in Wheat at the Commercial Scale

Matus‐Cádiz, M. A.; Hucl, P.; Dupuis, Brice

doi:10.2135/cropsci06.07.0441

Cited by 31 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Although pollen-mediated gene flow has been studied in many crops including canola (Beckie et al, 2003;Knispel et al, 2008), maize (Messeguer et al, 2006;Goggi et al, 2007;Weber et al, 2007;Mercer and Wainwright, 2008), wheat (Gaines et al, 2007;Gatford et al, 2007;Matus-Cadiz et al, 2007), soybean (Yoshimura et Total number of seeds screened from all (eight) blocks for a specific distance from the pollen source. Value of power (1Àb) was calculated for 95% confidence interval (a ¼ 5%) using equation (1) …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, because pollen movement is dependent on the size of the donor and recipient populations, small trials may underestimate the distance and frequency of pollen-mediated gene flow. For example, Hanson et al (2005) detected pollen-mediated gene flow in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) up to a maximum of 42 m in a 45.7 m diameter pollen source, while Matus-Cadiz et al (2007) reported occurrence of gene flow up to 2.75 km from a 33-ha pollen source.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pollen-mediated gene flow in flax (Linum usitatissimum L.): can genetically engineered and organic flax coexist?

et al. 2010

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Coexistence allows growers and consumers the choice of producing or purchasing conventional or organic crops with known standards for adventitious presence of genetically engineered (GE) seed. Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is multipurpose oilseed crop in which product diversity and utility could be enhanced for industrial, nutraceutical and pharmaceutical markets through genetic engineering. If GE flax were released commercially, pollen-mediated gene flow will determine in part whether GE flax could coexist without compromising other markets. ) to the low ALA trait. Seeds were harvested from the pollen recipient plots up to a distance of 50 m in eight directions from the pollen donor. High ALA seeds were identified using a thiobarbituric acid test and served as a marker for gene flow. Binomial distribution and power analysis were used to predict the minimum number of seeds statistically required to detect the frequency of gene flow at specific a (confidence interval) and power (1Àb) values. As a result of the low frequency of gene flow, approximately 4 million seeds were screened to derive accurate quantification. Frequency of gene flow was highest near the source: averaging 0.0185 at 0.1 m but declined rapidly with distance, 0.0013 and 0.00003 at 3 and 35 m, respectively. Gene flow was reduced to 50% (O 50 ) and 90% (O 90 ) between 0.85 to 2.64 m, and 5.68 to 17.56 m, respectively. No gene flow was detected at any site or year 435 m distance from the pollen source, suggesting that frequency of gene flow was p0.00003 (P ¼ 0.95). Although it is not possible to eliminate all adventitious presence caused by pollen-mediated gene flow, through harvest blending and the use of buffer zones between GE and conventional flax fields, it could be minimized. Managing other sources of adventitious presence including seed mixing and volunteer populations may be more problematic.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pollen-mediated gene flow in flax (Linum usitatissimum L.): can genetically engineered and organic flax coexist?

et al. 2010

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“…Pollen-mediated gene flow has been quantified in detail in several crops using transgenic and marker genes including wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (Gustafson et al, 2005;Hucl, 1996;Hucl and Matus-Cadiz, 2001;Matus-Cadiz et al, 2007), oilseed rape (B. napus) (Beckie et al, 2003;Damgaard and Kjellsson, 2005;Rieger et al, 2002;Weekes et al, 2005) and maize (Zea mays L.) (Goggi et al, 2006(Goggi et al, , 2007Gustafson et al, 2006;Weekes et al, 2007) (reviewed in Beckie andHall, 2008). Because of differences in research design and source plot size, studies are difficult to compare directly.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pollen-mediated gene flow from transgenic safflower (CarthamustinctoriusL.) intended for plant molecular farming to conventional safflower

McPherson

Good

Topinka

et al. 2009

Environ. Biosafety Res.

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Field experiments were conducted in Chile and western Canada to measure short-distance (0 to 100 m) outcrossing from transgenic safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) intended for plant molecular farming to nontransgenic commodity safflower of the same variety. The transgenic safflower used as the pollen source was transformed with a construct for seed-specific expression of a high-value protein and constitutive expression of a gene conferring resistance to the broad-spectrum herbicide glufosinate. Progeny of non-transgenic plants grown in plots adjacent to the transgenic pollen source were screened for glufosinate resistance to measure outcrossing frequency. Outcrossing frequency differed among locations: values closest to the transgenic pollen source (0 to 3 m) ranged from 0.48 to 1.67% and rapidly declined to between 0.0024 to 0.03% at distances of 50 to 100 m. At each location, outcrossing frequency was spatially heterogeneous, indicating insects or wind moved pollen asymmetrically. A power analysis assuming a binomial distribution and a range of alpha values (type 1 error) was conducted to estimate an upper and lower confidence interval for the probable transgenic seed frequency in each sample. This facilitated interpretation when large numbers of seeds were screened from the outcrossing experiments and no transgenic seeds were found. This study should aid regulators and the plant molecular farming industry in developing confinement strategies to mitigate pollen mediated gene flow from transgenic to non-transgenic safflower.

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“…Although triticale is primarily selfing, considerable outcrossing may occur, and fertilization was detected as far as 30 m from a pollen source (Yeung and Larter, 1972). The potential for pollen-mediated gene flow over long distances in triticale is unknown; however, a recent publication examining pollination from common wheat to neighboring fields within a 10 km radius of a central pollinator field detected gene flow at distances up to 2.75 km (Matus-Cadiz et al, 2007). Triticale was previously reported to outcross with common wheat (Triticum aestivum; 2n = 6x = 42; AABBDD) and rye (Chaubey and Khanna 1986;Guedes-Pinto et al, 2001;Lelley, 1992), though crossability was higher with wheat than with rye (Lelley, 1992).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of crossability between triticale (XTriticosecaleWittmack) and common wheat, durum wheat and rye

Hills¹,

Hall²,

Messenger³

et al. 2007

Environ. Biosafety Res.

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Development of transgenic triticale as a platform for novel bio-industrial products is predicated on an environmental biosafety assessment that quantifies the potential risks associated with its release. Pollen-mediated gene flow to related species and conventional triticale varieties is one pathway for transgene movement. A tier 1 quantification of triticale hybridization was conducted by emasculating and hand pollinating flowers under greenhouse conditions. Approximately 2000 manual pollinations were conducted for each cross and its reciprocal between two triticale genotypes: a modern triticale cultivar (AC Alta) and primary triticale (89TT108), and common wheat, durum wheat and rye. The frequency of outcrossing, hybrid seed appearance and weight, and F 1 emergence and fertility were recorded. Outcrossing, F 1 emergence and fertility rates were high from crosses between triticale genotypes. Outcrossing in inter-specific crosses was influenced by the species, and the genotype and gender of the triticale parent. In crosses to common and durum wheat where triticale was the male parent, outcrossing was ≥ 73.0% and ≥ 69.5%, respectively, but ≤ 23.9% and ≤ 3.0% when triticale was the female parent. Overall, outcrossing with rye was lower than with common and durum wheat. F 1 hybrid emergence was greater when triticale was the female parent. With the exception of a single seed, all wheat-triticale F 1 hybrid seeds were non-viable when triticale was the male parent in the cross. Only seven durum wheat-triticale F 1 hybrids emerged from 163 seeds sown, and all were produced with triticale 89TT108 as female parent. With rye, 8 F 1 hybrids emerged from 38 seeds sown, and all were produced from crosses to AC Alta; five with AC Alta as the female parent and three as the male. Interspecific F 1 hybrids were self-sterile, with the exception of those produced in crosses between common wheat and triticale where triticale was the female parent. Tier 2 hybridization quantification will be conducted under field conditions.

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Pollen‐Mediated Gene Flow in Wheat at the Commercial Scale

Cited by 31 publications

References 21 publications

Pollen-mediated gene flow in flax (Linum usitatissimum L.): can genetically engineered and organic flax coexist?

Pollen-mediated gene flow in flax (Linum usitatissimum L.): can genetically engineered and organic flax coexist?

Pollen-mediated gene flow from transgenic safflower (CarthamustinctoriusL.) intended for plant molecular farming to conventional safflower

Evaluation of crossability between triticale (XTriticosecaleWittmack) and common wheat, durum wheat and rye

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