Pollen mediated gene flow in a native population of Malus sylvestris and its implications for contemporary gene conservation management

Larsen, Anders S.; Kjær, Erik Dahl

doi:10.1007/s10592-008-9713-z

Cited by 27 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Malo () found that seed dispersal by gravity, ballistics and ants in C. scoparius is only 5–10 m per generation. Therefore, the sevenfold increase in pollen dispersal compared to seed dispersal may reach pollen flow distances of 35–70 m in the heathland, which is in line with an average pollination distance of 64 m (with occasional pollen movement of several hundred metres) found in a Danish study of the insect pollinated Malus sylvestris (Larsen & Kjaer ). A few individuals in the heathland containing plastid haplotypes representing invasive C. scoparius were found at two sites close to the border to the invaded area.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Introduced Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius) invades the genome of native populations in vulnerable heathland habitats

et al. 2016

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Cytisus scoparius is a global invasive species that affects local flora and fauna at the intercontinental level. Its natural distribution spans across Europe, but seeds have also been moved among countries, mixing plants of native and non-native genetic origins. Hybridization between the introduced and native gene pool is likely to threaten both the native gene pool and the local flora. In this study, we address the potential threat of invasive C. scoparius to local gene pools in vulnerable heathlands. We used nuclear single nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers together with plastid SSR and indel markers to investigate the level and direction of gene flow between invasive and native heathland C. scoparius. Analyses of population structures confirmed the presence of two gene pools: one native and the other invasive. The nuclear genome of the native types was highly introgressed with the invasive genome, and we observed advanced-generation hybrids, suggesting that hybridization has been occurring for several generations. There is asymmetrical gene flow from the invasive to the native gene pool, which can be attributed to higher fecundity in the invasive individuals, measured by the number of flowers and seed pods. Strong spatial genetic structure in plastid markers and weaker structure in nuclear markers suggest that seeds spread over relatively short distances and that gene flow over longer distances is mainly facilitated by pollen dispersal. We further show that the growth habits of heathland plants become more vigorous with increased introgression from the invaders. Implications of the findings are discussed in relation to future management of invading C. scoparius.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Introduced Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius) invades the genome of native populations in vulnerable heathland habitats

et al. 2016

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“…In almond, gene flow is has been shown to take place mostly with neighboring trees to the extent that the half of the recipient tree facing away from the pollen source tree received significantly less gene flow [58]. In apple, gene flow was recorded mostly between neighboring trees with maximum distances for gene flow recorded at 300 m with a mean of 60 m [59]. Soejima [60] found gene flow in apple at distances of 60–150 m. In a two-year study of apple gene flow, Reim et al [61] reported that 91% of gene flow occurred at less than 60 m from donor trees.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial and Temporal Assessment of Pollen- and Seed-Mediated Gene Flow from Genetically Engineered Plum Prunus domestica

et al. 2013

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Pollen flow from a 0.46 ha plot of genetically engineered (GE) Prunus domestica located in West Virginia, USA was evaluated from 2000–2010. Sentinel plum trees were planted at distances ranging from 132 to 854 m from the center of the GE orchard. Plots of mixed plum varieties and seedlings were located at 384, 484 and 998 m from the GE plot. Bee hives (Apis mellifera) were dispersed between the GE plum plot and the pollen flow monitoring sites. Pollen-mediated gene flow from out of the GE plum plot to non-GE plums under the study conditions was low, only occurring at all in 4 of 11 years and then in only 0.31% of the 12,116 seeds analyzed. When it occurred, gene flow, calculated as the number of GUS positive embryos/total embryos sampled, ranged from 0.215% at 132 m from the center of the GE plum plot (28 m from the nearest GE plum tree) to 0.033–0.017% at longer distances (384–998 m). Based on the percentage of GUS positive seeds per individual sampled tree the range was 0.4% to 12%. Within the GE field plot, gene flow ranged from 4.9 to 39%. Gene flow was related to distance and environmental conditions. A single year sample from a sentinel plot 132 m from the center of the GE plot accounted for 65% of the total 11-year gene flow. Spatial modeling indicated that gene flow dramatically decreased at distances over 400 m from the GE plot. Air temperature and rainfall were, respectively, positively and negatively correlated with gene flow, reflecting the effects of weather conditions on insect pollinator activity. Seed-mediated gene flow was not detected. These results support the feasibility of coexistence of GE and non-GE plum orchards.

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“…; Larsen et al. ; Larsen and Kjær ). However, we still know little about crop‐to‐wild gene flow, spatial genetic structure, and dispersal capacities across the full geographic ranges of the wild relatives that have contributed to the cultivated apple genome.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hybrids cannot be differentiated from cultivated apples or pure wild individuals on the basis of morphological characteristics alone, molecular tools are therefore required to investigate hybridization. Molecular studies investigating the extent of hybridization between M. domestica and M. sylvestris gene pools have identified a few wild M. sylvestris trees displaying introgression from M. domestica in populations from Denmark and Belgium Larsen et al 2006;Larsen and Kjaer 2009). However, we still know little about crop-to-wild gene flow, spatial genetic structure, and dispersal capacities across the full geographic ranges of the wild relatives that have contributed to the cultivated apple genome.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crop‐to‐wild gene flow and spatial genetic structure in the closest wild relatives of the cultivated apple

Cornille

Gladieux

Giraud

2013

Evolutionary Applications

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Crop‐to‐wild gene flow have important evolutionary and ecological consequences and require careful consideration in conservation programs for wild genetic resources of potential use in breeding programs and in assessments of the risk of transgene escape into natural ecosystems. Using 26 microsatellites and a set of 1181 trees, we investigated the extent of introgression from the cultivated apple, Malus domestica, to its three closest wild relatives, M. sylvestris in Europe, M. orientalis in the Caucasus, and M. sieversii in Central Asia. We found footprints of introgression from M. domestica to M. orientalis (3.2% of hybrids), M. sieversii (14.8%), and M. sylvestris (36.7%). Malus sieversii and M. orientalis presented weak, but significant genetic structures across their geographic range. Malus orientalis displayed genetic differentiation with three differentiated populations in Turkey, Armenia, and Russia. Malus sieversii consisted of a main population spread over Central Asia and a smaller population in the Tian Shan Mountains. The low Sp values suggest high dispersal capacities for the wild apple relatives. High potential for crop‐to‐wild gene flow in apples needs to be considered in the implementation of in situ and ex situ actions for the conservation of wild apple genetic resources potentially useful to plant breeding.

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Pollen mediated gene flow in a native population of Malus sylvestris and its implications for contemporary gene conservation management

Cited by 27 publications

References 37 publications

Introduced Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius) invades the genome of native populations in vulnerable heathland habitats

Introduced Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius) invades the genome of native populations in vulnerable heathland habitats

Spatial and Temporal Assessment of Pollen- and Seed-Mediated Gene Flow from Genetically Engineered Plum Prunus domestica

Crop‐to‐wild gene flow and spatial genetic structure in the closest wild relatives of the cultivated apple

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