Politicians and Soldiers in Ghana 1966-1972

In the Aftermath of Reparations: The Experiences of Female Beneficiaries of Ghana’s Reparations Programme

“…Ghana's history is marred with periods of unconstitutional rule. Between March 6, 1957, andJanuary 6, 1993, Ghanaians faced a multitude of human rights abuses as the country transitioned from one military regime to the next (Austin & Luckham, 2014;Morrison, 2004). Over the course of 36 years, Ghana experienced four coup d'états and 23 years of military rule (Handley & Mills, 2001).…”

Returns to Agricultural Public Spending in Ghana: Cocoa versus Noncocoa Subsector

“…The subperiod trends are summarized in Table 3.2. Source: Author's calculation and illustration based on Stryker (1990), Quartey-Papafio (1977), World Bank (1960, 1985, Jebuni and Seini (1992), MOFEP (1995), IMF (1998IMF ( , 2000IMF ( , 2005IMF ( , 2015, GOG 2005 19581963196819731983198819931998Constant 2006 196019651970197519801985Constant 2006 GHS per hectare…”

“…Price controls, input and credit subsidies, and obligatory credit allocations continued to be used to support the heavy state involvement in agricultural production, distribution, and marketing (Stryker 1990;Dappah 1995). At the time of Nkrumah government's overthrow in 1966, there were 105 state farms (42 of them were inherited from ADC) cultivating about 22,396 hectares, with 62 percent under permanent crops (mainly rubber, oil palm, sugar cane, cotton, coconut, banana, and kola nut) and the remaining 38 percent under food crops (mainly maize and rice) (Austin and Luckham 1975). As Table 3.2 shows, agriculture expenditure in 1958-1966 grew at an annual average rate of 3.8 percent, with expenditures on cocoa growing faster (6.2 percent) than combined expenditures on the noncocoa subsector (2.1 percent).…”

“…This era was governed by the National Liberation Council military government under Lieutenant General Joseph Arthur Ankrah and Lieutenant General Akwasi Afrifa (1966)(1967)(1968)(1969), followed by the second republic under Doctor Kofi Busia and the Progress Party (1969)(1970)(1971)(1972). The main strategy of the National Liberation Council government that had significant bearing on the level of agriculture expenditure and how it was allocated was in trying to ward off the domestic crisis (mainly, high food prices and low producer prices) and to pay off the large debts amassed by the previous government (Austin and Luckham 1975). Doing so involved stimulating more agricultural primary exports (cocoa and timber) and cutting back on direct state involvement in agricultural production.…”

“…The biased support to large-scale farms or farmers is reflected in the lending practices to the sector by banks that were obligated to provide agricultural loans. The banks typically gave loans to those farms operating 20-1,000 acres of farmland and producing industrial crops or engaged in agro-industry (Austin and Luckham 1975). As Table 3.2 shows, agriculture expenditure during this era grew at an average rate of 2.6 percent per year, with expenditures on cocoa growing much faster (5.9 percent) than combined expenditures on the noncocoa subsector (-0.3 percent).…”