2019
DOI: 10.1093/jeea/jvz053
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Political Identity: Experimental Evidence on Anti-Americanism in Pakistan

Abstract: We identify Pakistani men’s willingness to pay to preserve their anti-American identity using two experiments imposing clearly specified financial costs on anti-American expression, with minimal consequential or social considerations. In two distinct studies, one-quarter to one-third of subjects forgo payments from the U.S. government worth around one-fifth of a day’s wage to avoid an identity-threatening choice: anonymously checking a box indicating gratitude toward the U.S. government. We find sensitivity to… Show more

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Cited by 40 publications
(11 citation statements)
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“…Private schools in my sample report average acceptance rates of 11 percent, and monthly fees of up to Rs 10,000. 10 Policy Change.-Many private schools in Delhi, including over 90 percent of the approximately 200 elite private schools, exist on land leased from the state (decades ago) in perpetuity at highly subsidized rates. A previously unenforced part of the lease agreement required such schools to make efforts to serve "weaker sections" of society.…”
Section: Background and Policy Experimentsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Private schools in my sample report average acceptance rates of 11 percent, and monthly fees of up to Rs 10,000. 10 Policy Change.-Many private schools in Delhi, including over 90 percent of the approximately 200 elite private schools, exist on land leased from the state (decades ago) in perpetuity at highly subsidized rates. A previously unenforced part of the lease agreement required such schools to make efforts to serve "weaker sections" of society.…”
Section: Background and Policy Experimentsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Another branch of the literature related to our work investigates various dimensions of extremism. For example, Bullock et al (2011) and Blair et al (2013) look at support for militant groups in Pakistan, while Delavande and Zafar (2012) and Bursztyn et al (2016) focus on anti-American attitudes. There is also a literature using lab-in-the-field games in development economics (see the survey by Cardenas and Carpenter 2008).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Assuming that respondents assess the sensitive item truthfully and the inclusion of the sensitive topic does not influence their evaluation of the nonsensitive items, ϕ gives an unbiased estimate of the population proportion for whom the sensitive item occurred. This method of indirect elicitation has been used in a number of recent papers to generate measures of sensitive topics related to economic activity (Karlan and Zinman 2012) and political and electoral behavior ( Gonzalo-Ocantos et al 2012;Kramon and Weghorst 2012;Bursztyn et al 2017). Also included are controls for the survey strata ( sub-constituency, above district-level Muslim/Yadav median registered voter share, at least 30 Muslim/ Yadavs on electoral roll, team composition, inferred type), the same set of polling station characteristics as in the election officer regressions, individual-level characteristics (age, literacy, gender, Muslim/Yadav identity), and surveyor and survey location fixed effects.…”
Section: B List Randomization: Biased Election-day Officer Behaviormentioning
confidence: 99%