Political ecology of domestic water access and use in urban Malawi

Abstract

Rapid urbanization has worsened the water shortage problem in sub-Saharan African cities, with most people using water from sources other than official water supply systems. However, dominant accounts of why urban households face water shortages remain confined to the formal water sector, with explanations privileging market forces and institutional dynamics as significant barriers, with little or no attention to the role of non-market relations in mediating access to water among households on the periphery of municipal supply grids. Using Mzuzu (Malawi) as a case study, I applied theoretical perspectives grounded in political ecology and feminist political ecology to examine sociocultural and political strategies the poor mobilize to access water for daily use. The findings of qualitative research (n=52) indicate that the urban poor seek to address the problem of water shortage processually, assembling a set of contingent socio-spatial and temporal strategies that allow them to bridge between different spells and sources of water according to household utility purposes. Specifically, the study found that ganyu, an informal form of labour rooted in Malawi's history, granted the urban poor secondary access to the same water supply system from which they are officially excluded. At the same time, material control over water allowed ganyu providers to leverage significant control over the labour of ganyu seekers and women's bodies, suggesting that water is a medium through which historical materializations of colonial labour relations find new expression. The study also reveals that the poor negotiate competing water needs by relying on symbolic meanings and cosmological and cultural beliefs to make sense of water and justify the domestic use of water from otherwise potentially contaminated sources. These findings show the intimate connection and multiscalar integration between the water supply system's formal, impersonal, market realm and the informal, interpersonal non-market social relations of water. Although the design of this ii study was partially affected by the Covid-19 pandemic, the findings can potentially make significant theoretical and empirical contributions to our understanding of the sociocultural and political forces that shape access to water among the urban poor. The thesis concludes with recommendations and directions for future research. iii Preface Three manuscripts are represented in this dissertation. All three manuscripts are the work of Andy Kusi-Appiah. I was responsible for developing the research questions/objectives, study design, data collection tools, interviewing, analysing the data collected and writing the manuscripts. The co-author of all three manuscripts is my dissertation advisor, Dr. Paul Mkandawire. The three manuscripts are: Chapter 4: Political Ecology of Household Water Security among the Urban poor in Malawi. This manuscript has been submitted to the Journal of Wellbeing, Space and Society and has been published. Dr. Paul Mkandawire provided thorough input, including rev...