Poliovirus‐Specific Intestinal Antibody Responses Coincide with Decline of Poliovirus Excretion

Valtanen, Sanna; Roivainen, Merja; Piirainen, Liisa; Stenvik, Mirja; Hovi, Tapani

doi:10.1086/315684

Cited by 33 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…According to our results an intestinal antibody response mainly consisting of IgA may be involved in the ceasing of primary poliovirus excretion [Valtanen et al, 2000]. The OPV recipients in the published study were not naive immunologically at challenge, however, and had already received three doses of IPV.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 50%

“…IgA class-specific antibodies to polioviruses in feces were determined using the heavy chain-capture principle as described previously by Valtanen et al [2000]. In brief, 1:5 dilutions of fecal suspension (1:50 dilution of original feces) were added to duplicate wells (50 ml/well) on microtiter plates coated with monoclonal antibodies to human a chains (a gift from Medix Biochemica, Kauniainen, Finland) and incubated for 2 hr at 378C.…”

Section: Determination Of Iga Antibodies To Polioviruses In Fecal Susmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Serotype‐specific mucosal immune response and subsequent poliovirus replication in vaccinated children

Самойлович

Roivainen

Titov

et al. 2003

Journal of Medical Virology

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A total of 32 unimmunized children (median age 5 months) living in an orphanage in Minsk, Belarus, were vaccinated with three doses of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) with a 60-day interval between the doses. Blood samples were drawn before the immunizations and 45-50 days after each vaccine dose. Excretion of the vaccine viruses was followed by examining fecal specimens collected weekly after each vaccine dose. All children seroconverted by the second dose of OPV at the latest to all three serotypes of poliovirus but differences were seen regarding the intestinal responses. The strongest responses in both neutralizing antibodies and virus-binding IgA in fecal suspensions were seen toward poliovirus Type 2. Consistent with this, relatively little poliovirus Type 2 excretion was seen after the second and third doses of OPV as compared to that of poliovirus Type 1 or Type 3. The delayed development of functional intestinal immunity against the latter serotypes was associated with relatively weaker intestinal antibody responses compared to poliovirus Type 2. In the case of poliovirus Type 3, about 10% of children were still excreting the vaccine virus 9 weeks after administering the third dose. These results are consistent with epidemiological observations of the serotype-specific efficacy of OPV immunizations. The proportion of specimens showing nonpolio enteric viruses gradually increased through the 6-month study period. This may reflect the possibility that after the first dose of OPV, intensive replication of the vaccine viruses may out compete the nonpolio viruses in the intestines of the vaccinees or, alternatively, mask nonpolio viruses during the cell culture isolation procedure.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 50%

Section: Determination Of Iga Antibodies To Polioviruses In Fecal Susmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serotype‐specific mucosal immune response and subsequent poliovirus replication in vaccinated children

Самойлович

Roivainen

Titov

et al. 2003

Journal of Medical Virology

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“…As has been seen before (17), there was significantly more detection by qRT-PCR than by culture (17.6% of the stool samples were qRT-PCR positive, and 10.7% were culture positive), with significantly higher qRT-PCR quantities in culture-positive than culture-negative samples. Poliovirus shedding is traditionally measured by culture, in terms of both the proportions of children who are culture positive and the relevant durations (22). Measuring durations of shedding is particularly onerous because first culture must be performed and second it must be done with several sequential stool samples.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetics of Poliovirus Shedding following Oral Vaccination as Measured by Quantitative Reverse Transcription-PCR versus Culture

Taniuchi

Begum

et al. 2015

J Clin Microbiol

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Amid polio eradication efforts, detection of oral polio vaccine (OPV) virus in stool samples can provide information about rates of mucosal immunity and allow estimation of the poliovirus reservoir. We developed a multiplex one-step quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) assay for detection of OPV Sabin strains 1, 2, and 3 directly in stool samples with an external control to normalize samples for viral quantity and compared its performance with that of viral culture. We applied the assay to samples from infants in Dhaka, Bangladesh, after the administration of trivalent OPV (tOPV) at weeks 14 and 52 of life (on days 0 [pre-OPV], ؉4, ؉11, ؉18, and ؉25 relative to vaccination). When 1,350 stool samples were tested, the sensitivity and specificity of the quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay were 89 and 91% compared with culture. A quantitative relationship between culture ؉ / qPCR ؉ and culture ؊ /qPCR ؉ stool samples was observed. The kinetics of shedding revealed by qPCR and culture were similar. qPCR quantitative cutoffs based on the day ؉11 or ؉18 stool samples could be used to identify the culture-positive shedders, as well as the long-duration or high-frequency shedders. Interestingly, qPCR revealed that a small minority (7%) of infants contributed the vast majority (93 to 100%) of the total estimated viral excretion across all subtypes at each time point. This qPCR assay for OPV can simply and quantitatively detect all three Sabin strains directly in stool samples to approximate shedding both qualitatively and quantitatively. Both immunity to paralytic poliomyelitis and reduction of transmission of wild-type and vaccine-derived polioviruses are critical in polio eradication efforts (1, 2). Oral polio vaccine (OPV) is widely utilized in low-income settings for ease of delivery, low cost, and potential for mucosal immunity. OPV immunogenicity is imperfect (3), however, and shedding of vaccine strains further complicates the poliovirus reservoir. Measurement of poliovirus in stool samples can thus be useful in evaluating mucosal immunogenicity (4), in estimating the transmission intensities of vaccine-derived virus, and for surveillance after polio eradication (5).Poliovirus culture is still considered the gold standard procedure but requires up to two 7-day passages in two cell lines, followed by molecular or antigenic methods to differentiate and type the poliovirus isolates (6). This process is time-consuming and greatly diminishes the number of stool samples that can be surveyed. Furthermore, subcultured isolates are not always representative of the viruses present in the original stool sample and results are usually not quantitated by titer determination (7,8). PCR methods are therefore attractive in terms of cost, time, the ability to subtype, and quantitation (9-12). PCR for poliovirus has been found to be severalfold more sensitive than poliovirus isolation from cell culture (13) and has also been found to be more sensitive with cerebrospinal fluid, throat swabs, or stool samples (14-17). However, s...

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“…Although over 100 phase I, II, and III vaccine clinical trials of different candidates have been conducted all over the world, only a few candidates have advanced to efficacy testing and none has yet to show any benefit in prevention or control of HIV-1 (HIV Vaccine Database; www.iavi.org). In other viral diseases (such as polio, influenza, and measles), neutralizing antibodies are generated as part of either the natural immune response to infection or the response to immunization, and their role in protective immunity is well established (10,12,15,22,37,42,45,47,49,52). For HIV-1, studies in animal models indicate that both broadly neutralizing antibodies and cellmediated responses may be required to provide vaccine pro-tection (7,14,16,20,29,31,33,34,39,53).…”

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confidence: 99%

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Elite Neutralizers: Individuals with Broad and Potent Neutralizing Activity Identified by Using a High-Throughput Neutralization Assay together with an Analytical Selection Algorithm

Simek

Rida

Priddy

et al. 2009

J Virol

535

560

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The development of a rapid and efficient system to identify human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected individuals with broad and potent HIV-1-specific neutralizing antibody responses is an important step toward the discovery of critical neutralization targets for rational AIDS vaccine design. In this study, samples from HIV-1-infected volunteers from diverse epidemiological regions were screened for neutralization responses using pseudovirus panels composed of clades A, B, C, and D and circulating recombinant forms (CRFs). Initially, 463 serum and plasma samples from Australia, Rwanda, Uganda, the United Kingdom, and Zambia were screened to explore neutralization patterns and selection ranking algorithms. Samples were identified that neutralized representative isolates from at least four clade/CRF groups with titers above prespecified thresholds and ranked based on a weighted average of their log-transformed neutralization titers. Linear regression methods selected a five-pseudovirus subset, representing clades A, B, and C and one CRF01_AE, that could identify top-ranking samples with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) neutralization titers of >100 to multiple isolates within at least four clade groups. This reduced panel was then used to screen 1,234 new samples from the Ivory Coast, Kenya, South Africa, Thailand, and the United States, and 1% were identified as elite neutralizers. Elite activity is defined as the ability to neutralize, on average, more than one pseudovirus at an IC 50 titer of 300 within a clade group and across at least four clade groups. These elite neutralizers provide promising starting material for the isolation of broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to assist in HIV-1 vaccine design.

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Poliovirus‐Specific Intestinal Antibody Responses Coincide with Decline of Poliovirus Excretion

Cited by 33 publications

References 25 publications

Serotype‐specific mucosal immune response and subsequent poliovirus replication in vaccinated children

Serotype‐specific mucosal immune response and subsequent poliovirus replication in vaccinated children

Kinetics of Poliovirus Shedding following Oral Vaccination as Measured by Quantitative Reverse Transcription-PCR versus Culture

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Elite Neutralizers: Individuals with Broad and Potent Neutralizing Activity Identified by Using a High-Throughput Neutralization Assay together with an Analytical Selection Algorithm

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