Poliomyelitis — A Persistent Problem

Weinstein, Louis

doi:10.1056/nejm197302152880714

Cited by 27 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…There have been suggestions that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection could be spread by physical contact between 2 wounded athletes, 1990) Welch & Wheeler (1986) Eichner ( 1987) Cowles (1918) Russell (1947; Hargreaves (1948); Russell (1949); Horstmann(1950) Weinstein (1973) but the World Health Organisation has noted that this is an extremely remote risk (Sharp et al 1988). Only 2 instances of transmission between athletes have been described to date, although it is possible that such incidents may be underreported.…”

Section: Other Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies involving humans, monkeys and mice have demonstrated that acute exercise during infection with anterior poliomyelitis or hepatitis can augment the severity of the disease (Hargreaves 1948;Horstmann 1950;Krinkler & Zilberg 1966;Levinson et al 1945;Russell 1947Russell , 1949Rosenbaum & Harford 1953;Weinstein 1973). In a study of 411 patients from 3 epidemics of anterior poliomyelitis, Horstmann (1950) noted that when physical activity was undertaken at the onset of the illness, it resulted in a significant increase in the severity of disease process.…”

Section: Parasitic and Viral Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Infection in Athletes

1994

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Coaches and athletic team physicians have provided anecdotal information and case studies to support their beliefs that athletes may be unusually prone to illness during strenuous training or competition. Many athletes, in contrast, believe that physical activity improves their resistance to infectious disease. However, it is generally agreed that the stress of competition may make athletes temporarily more susceptible to infectious illness. A review of the literature shows that upper respiratory tract infections and skin infections are more prevalent in top level athletes than in the general population, particularly during periods of intensive training. Exercise induced changes occur in both the innate and adaptive components of the immune system; however, the relative importance of each component is unknown. Strenuous exertion and contact sports may compromise host defence both by reducing physical protection and by impairing immunosurveillance. Skin lacerations, vigorous sweating and maceration of the dermis impair the defence normally provided by the skin surface. In addition, adverse changes in soluble and cellular components of the immune system can increase susceptibility to infection. Persistence with strenuous training during an infectious illness can have deleterious effects; not only is athletic performance impaired, but the severity of the disease process can be augmented.

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Section: Other Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Parasitic and Viral Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infection in Athletes

1994

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“…In an outbreak of infectious hepatitis in a US college, 90 of 97 members of the football teams were affected, whereas no other students or staff became ill (19). In a polio outbreak in a Connecticut school, all nine boys who contracted the disease were participating in strenuous sports (27). In an outbreak of aseptic meningitis in a US high school, the incidence of the illness was twice as high and symptoms were more severe among members of the football team than other students (3).…”

Section: Increased Infection Among Sportsmenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overtraining Increases the Susceptibility to Infection

FitzGerald¹

1991

Int J Sports Med

118

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Recent research studies and other evidence suggest that although moderate exercise is good for the immune system, the demanding training programs of many top athletes may suppress the immune system and thereby increase susceptibility to infections. A number of top athletes have suffered from unusual infections normally associated with immune deficiency, and immune abnormalities have been demonstrated in resting samples from top athletes. Studies from several exercise laboratories have shown that after a single exhausting exercise session there is temporary immune depression, with marked changes in numbers and functional capacities of lymphocytes. These changes, which last for up to several hours, are seen in athletes and untrained individuals. In several studies in the United States, students who were very active in sports have been shown to be more susceptible to infections than their less active colleagues. Exercising hard during the incubation phase of an infection can increase the severity of the illness. This article examines the evidence, discusses possible mechanisms, and considers the implications.

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“…Contemporary endurance sports imposes a necessity for more and more intensive physical exercisô loads during the training cycle, which are accompanied by mental stress. At the same time, clinical data indicate increased morbidity for various infectious diseases among sportsmen, particularly when they approach a peak of their form (10,12,25).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Physical Exercise on Some Parameters of Immunity in Conditioned Sportsmen

Lewicki¹,

Tchórzewski²,

Denys³

et al. 1987

Int J Sports Med

103

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The studies were performed on 20 conditioned cyclists and 19 untrained men. At rest absolute and percent number of neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes, neutrophil bactericidal activity, and blood plasma beta-glucuronidase, acid phosphatase, and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) activities were similar in sportsmen and untrained men, while neutrophil adherence was lowered in sportsmen. Maximal physical exercise induced significant rises in absolute numbers of neutrophils and monocytes in both groups. In sportsmen, adherence of neutrophils and monocytes and neutrophil bactericidal activity significantly decreased under the influence of exercise, while neutrophil phagocytic activity did not change. On the other hand, in untrained men, maximal physical exercise did not induce significant changes in neutrophil and monocyte adherence and bactericidal activity of neutrophils, but their phagocytic activity increased. Blood plasma beta-glucuronidase, acid phosphatase, and LDH activities increased during exercise in both groups. The changes observed tended to normalize during 2-h recovery. The results obtained suggest that intensive physical exercise tends to depress nonspecific immunity, which may render sportsmen more susceptible to infections.

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Poliomyelitis — A Persistent Problem

Cited by 27 publications

References 7 publications

Infection in Athletes

Infection in Athletes

Overtraining Increases the Susceptibility to Infection

Effect of Physical Exercise on Some Parameters of Immunity in Conditioned Sportsmen

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