Policy Recommendation for Renewable Energy From Biofuels

Ahmad, Mushtaq; Zafar, Muhammad; Sultana, Shazia; Khan, Mir Ajab; Hasan, Atiye Haj; Riaz, Mudassar; Ahmed, S.

doi:10.1080/15567249.2011.569832

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The fuel properties of Linseed biodiesel were determined quantitatively and compared with ASTM standards (Table 1). The quality of methyl ester is significantly determined by the density (Ahmad, Zafar, Rashid, et al, 2013; Ahmad, Zafar, Sultana, et al, 2013; Sultana et al, 2016). Density range is 0.86–0.90 in the ASTM standard; the density of Linseed biodiesel at 15°C kg/L was observed 0.8722.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Preliminary to biodiesel synthesis, oil was preheated for 1 hr at 60°C to remove moisture from it. The catalyst iron sulfate was prepared separately for transesterification reaction (Ahmad, Zafar, Rashid, et al, 2013; Ahmad, Zafar, Sultana, et al, 2013). Optimization of different variables such as oil to methanol ratio (1:2–1:7), temperature (50, 60, 80, and 100°C), catalyst amount (0.14, 0.42, 0.55, and 0.78), and time (60 min, 2 hr, 150 min, and 180 min) were performed to study the standard conditions for transesterification reaction (Ahmad, Zafar, Sultana, Azam, & Khan, 2014).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Scanning electron microscopy as a tool for authentication of biodiesel synthesis from Linum usitatissimum seed oil

Niazi

Ahmad

Elnaggar

et al. 2021

Microscopy Res & Technique

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Utilization of renewable and alternative energy feedstocks such as nonedible seeds oil to deal with the increasing energy crises and related ecological concerns have gained the attention of researchers. Biodiesel is an efficient and renewable substitute for diesel engine. This work investigates the potential of inexpensive nonedible seed oil of Linum usitatissimum to synthesize biodiesel using iron sulfate green nanocatalyst through the process of transesterification. Flax seed contains about 37.5% oil content estimated through Soxhlet apparatus. Light microscopy revealed that seed size varies from 3.0 to 6.0 cm in length, 2.0 to 3.3 cm in width, and 0.7 to 1.0 mm in diameter. Color of seed varied from yellow to brown. Characterization of biodiesel is performed through GC–MS and FTIR. Scanning electron microscopy was carried out to study the morphological features of seed coat. Catalyst was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy diffraction X‐ray, and X‐ray diffraction. The diffraction peaks of Fe3O4 green nanoparticles were found to be in 2θ values, 30.24°, 35.62°, 38.26°, 49.56°, 57.12°, and 62.78°. Fuel properties of biodiesel are also determined and compared with ASTM standards. Linum usitatissimum biodiesel has density 0.8722 (15°C kg/L), kinetic viscosity 5.45 (40°C cSt), flash point (90°C), pour point (−13°C), cloud point (−9°C), sulfur (0.0432% wt), and total acid number (0.245 mg KOH/g). It is concluded that L. usitatissimum seed oil is a highly potential source for biodiesel production to cope with the challenge of present energy demand.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scanning electron microscopy as a tool for authentication of biodiesel synthesis from Linum usitatissimum seed oil

Niazi

Ahmad

Elnaggar

et al. 2021

Microscopy Res & Technique

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…For instance, the financial subsidy policy was implemented in America to promote the development of renewable energy industry. The policy was initiated as an incentive mechanism to return the investment of renewable energy facilities, and to allow the renewable energy firms to repay the loan after 10e20 years (Ahmad et al, 2012). In Spain, the government carried out favorable taxation policy to make photovoltaic companies get a partial rebate, which was 6% of the profit from photovoltaic system in , 4% in 2009, and 2% in 2010(Balat, 2007.…”

Section: Pv Policies In Different Countriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These policies include: laws (Demirbaş , 2006(Demirbaş , , 2010, financial subsidies (Ahmad et al, 2012;Wang et al, 2014), favorable taxation (Balat, 2007;Zuluaga and Dyner, 2007), concessional loan (Smyth et al, 2010;LudekeFreund and Loock, 2011), favorable prices (Kim and Lee, 2012), land planning (Browne et al, 2012), renewable portfolio standards (Chen et al, 2009;Kaditi, 2009), environmental administrative permit (Lehtoranta et al, 2011), climate policy (Janicke, 2012), publicity (Gorobets, 2014), government strategy (Kivimaa and Mickwitz, 2011), governance guidelines (Florin and Bunting, 2009), and planning targets (Thollander et al, 2013). Concurrently, favorable land price policy has been the focus of scholars, policy makers and government.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%