Climate change and progressive population development (i.e., ageing) are altering the temporal patterns in temperature-related mortality in Switzerland. However, limited evidence exists on how current trends in heat- and cold-related mortality would evolve in future decades under composite scenarios of global warming and population development. Moreover, the contribution of these drivers to future mortality impacts is not well-understood. Therefore, we aimed to project heat- and cold-related mortality in Switzerland under various warming scenarios based on a set of emission and population development pathways and to disentangle the contribution of each of these two drivers using high-resolution mortality and temperature data. We combined age-specific (< 75 and ≥75years) temperature-mortality associations in each district in Switzerland (1990–2010), estimated through a two-stage time series analysis, with 2-km downscaled CMIP5 temperature data and population and mortality rate projections under two scenarios: RCP4.5/SSP2 and RCP8.5/SSP5. We derived heat and cold-related mortality for different warming scenarios (1.5°C, 2.0°C and 3.0°C) using different emission and population development trends and compared this to the historical period (1990–2010). We estimated that heat-related mortality will increase from 312 (116; 510) in the 1990–2010 period to 1,274 (537; 2284) annual deaths under 2.0°C scenario (RCP4.5/SSP2) and to 1,871 (791; 3,284) under 3.0°C scenario (RCP8.5/SSP5). Cold-related mortality will substantially increase from 4069 (1898; 6016) to 6558 (3223; 9589) annual deaths under 2.0°C scenario (RCP4.5/SSP2) and to 5997 (2951; 8759) under 3.0°C scenario (RCP8.5/SSP5). Moreover, while the increase in cold-related mortality is solely driven by population development, for heat, both components (i.e., changes in climate and population) have a similar share of around 50% to the projected heat-related mortality trends. In conclusion, our findings suggest that both heat- and cold-related mortality will substantially increase under all scenarios of climate change and population development in Switzerland. Population development will lead to an increase in cold-related mortality despite the decrease in cold temperature under warmer scenarios. Whereas the combination of the progressive warming of the climate and population development (i.e., ageing) will further exacerbate heat-related mortality, leading to a substantial increase in the total temperature-related mortality burden in Switzerland.