Police paradigm shift after the 9/11 terrorist attacks: the empirical evidence from the United States municipal police departments

Kim, MoonSun; Guzman, Melchor C. de

doi:10.1080/1478601x.2012.707014

Cited by 13 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…This vehicle is primarily used during the flood season and, while useful, it would be difficult for the agency to justify purchasing with their limited resources. Further, the federal government’s emphasis on state and local agency participation in homeland security activities (Kim and de Guzman, 2012), has strained the budgets of small agencies to engage in these activities. Therefore, participation in the 1,033 Program is an attractive option for obtaining expensive equipment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Law enforcement agencies’ participation in the military surplus equipment program

Johnson

Hansen

2016

PIJPSM

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Purpose The police response to the protests in Ferguson, Missouri refocused attention on law enforcement agencies’ participation in the military surplus equipment program, or 1,033 Program. Given the extensive media coverage, particularly regarding the acquisition of military vehicles and weapons, it is important to empirically investigate the 1,033 Program. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach Survey data were collected from 1,205 law enforcement regarding 1,033 Program participation and the types of equipment acquired. This study also explores whether significant differences exist by region, agency type, and size. Findings The results demonstrated that while a majority of state and local law enforcement agencies participated in the 1,033 Program, a significant number of agencies did not. Acquisition of military surplus weapons, vehicles, and other types of equipment was not the norm. Significant differences were discerned for overall participation and equipment acquisition based on region, agency type, and size. Research limitations/implications This study does not address other concerns such as how surplus military equipment is used or policies agencies may have to govern that use, which provide avenues for further research to discern best practices. Practical implications Law enforcement agencies do not appear to acquire military vehicles and weapons to the extent that has been dramatized by the media. Originality/value This study contributes empirical data to inform the discussion of law enforcement agencies’ acquisition of military surplus equipment in the USA.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Law enforcement agencies’ participation in the military surplus equipment program

Johnson

Hansen

2016

PIJPSM

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“…In a simplified version, the police changed due to the excessive graft and corruption that occurred in 19th-century America (political era), the urban unrest in minority communities caused by police brutality (reform era), which ushered in the period of partnerships (community policing era). Although some have begun to argue for the emergence of a fourth era in policing—information era (Hooper, 2014), Homeland Security era (Kim and de Guzman, 2012; Oliver, 2006)—the proliferation of adjectives in policing represents changes in tactics related to policing, not its theories. A more historically cogent account of police change has been proffered in recent works, in a way that takes into consideration the role of the state (O’Connor and Shon, 2019).…”

Section: Incommensurable Theoretical Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The accretion of significant anomalies wends in uncertainty, followed by trenchant debates before a new paradigm emerges (Kuhn, 1996). The last 20 years since the publication of PRS may reflect the period of dueling paradigms in police studies, although some have argued that we are in the midst of another era (Hooper, 2014; Kim and de Guzman, 2012; Oliver, 2006). This account, however, is implausible as community policing has been a political and rhetorical success.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why policing the risk society became a footnote in American police studies: A missed opportunity to move police theorizing forward

Shon

O’Connor

2020

The Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles

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Written in 1997, Ericson and Haggerty’s book Policing the Risk Society (PRS) should have had profound effects on police theorizing and research in the United States. In this article, we attempt to explain why this book failed to gain traction within the American policing literature. We argue that PRS was ignored for three reasons: (1) incommensurable theoretical frameworks, (2) timing and aim of the book’s publication, and (3) the intrusiveness of deductive surveillance technologies in the policing of identities. We conclude by discussing how Ericson and Haggerty’s theorizing should be revisited in the light of recent developments in policing.

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“…The pervasive existence of PPUs has led to their common use for ''routine law enforcement activity'' (Nunn, 2002: 405) and proactive patrol in high-crime areas (Kraska, 1999(Kraska, , 2007Kraska and Kappeler, 1997). Many police agencies view PPUs as part of a community policing strategy (Herzog, 2001) despite the inherent conflict in these concepts (Chappell and Lanza-Kaduce, 2010;Kim and de Guzman, 2012). In weed and seed programs, PPUs are seen as ''the only people that are going to be able to deal with [drug and disorder] problems'' (Kraska, 2007: 509).…”

Section: Police Paramilitary Unitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of police paramilitary unit raids on crime at micro-places in Buffalo, New York

Phillips

Wheeler²,

Kim

2016

International Journal of Police Science & Management

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This study examines the deterrent effect of the short-term application of police paramilitary units. The police in Buffalo conducted 39 police paramilitary unit raids during a two-day period in 2012. It is hypothesized that if police paramilitary units are used then there will be a reduction in calls for service, Part 1 crimes and drug arrests. The effect of the police paramilitary unit raids at micro-place street units was estimated by drawing a comparable sample of control units via propensity score modeling. A fixed effects negative binomial panel model was estimated for counts 35 weeks before and 35 weeks after the intervention. Calls for service and drug arrests increased in the treated areas compared with controls. There is slight evidence of a deterrent effect for Part 1 crimes in the two weeks after the intervention. The null findings suggest that, at best, police paramilitary unit raids have a short-term deterrent effect on crime.

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Police paradigm shift after the 9/11 terrorist attacks: the empirical evidence from the United States municipal police departments

Cited by 13 publications

References 38 publications

Law enforcement agencies’ participation in the military surplus equipment program

Law enforcement agencies’ participation in the military surplus equipment program

Why policing the risk society became a footnote in American police studies: A missed opportunity to move police theorizing forward

The effect of police paramilitary unit raids on crime at micro-places in Buffalo, New York

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