Police harassment and psychosocial vulnerability, distress, and depressive symptoms among black men who have sex with men in the U.S.: Longitudinal analysis of HPTN 061

Remch, Molly; Duncan, Dustin T.; Geller, Amanda; Turpin, Rodman; Dyer, Typhanye V.; Scheidell, Joy D.; Cleland, Charles M.; Kaufman, Jay S.; Brewer, Russell; Hucks-Ortiz, Christopher; Mei, Willem F. van der; Mayer, Kenneth H.; Khan, Maria R.

doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100753

Cited by 10 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Furthermore, marginalization at multiple intersections (e.g., race and sexual and gender minority status) is understudied. One study found that 60% of Black sexual minority men reported police harassment, and especially high levels of distress when that harassment was perceived as due to both their race and their sexuality (Remch et al 2021). In addition, in the absence of empirical data, there is anecdotal evidence that Black transgender women are among the groups at highest risk of police violence (e.g., Burns 2020, Irvine 2014, James et al 2017, Rosentel et al 2020, but there are no population-level data currently available that are amply powered to test this hypothesis.…”

Section: Rates Of Police Violence Are Elevated Among Sexual Minoritiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Police Violence and Public Health

DeVylder

Anglin

Bowleg

et al. 2022

Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol.

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Despite their enormous potential impact on population health and health inequities, police violence and use of excessive force have only recently been addressed from a public health perspective. Moving to change this state of affairs, this article considers police violence in the USA within a social determinants and health disparities framework, highlighting recent literature linking this exposure to mental health symptoms, physical health conditions, and premature mortality. The review demonstrates that police violence is common in the USA; is disproportionately directed toward Black, Latinx, and other marginalized communities; and exerts a significant and adverse effect on a broad range of health outcomes. The state-sponsored nature of police violence, its embedding within a historical and contemporary context of structural racism, and the unique circumstances of the exposure itself make it an especially salient and impactful form of violence exposure, both overlapping with and distinct from other forms of violence. We conclude by noting potential solutions that clinicaly psychology and allied fields may offer to alleviate the impact of police violence, while simultaneously recognizing that a true solution to this issue requires a drastic reformation or replacement of the criminal justice system, as well as addressing the broader context of structural and systemic racism in the USA. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, Volume 18 is May 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

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Section: Rates Of Police Violence Are Elevated Among Sexual Minoritiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Police Violence and Public Health

DeVylder

Anglin

Bowleg

et al. 2022

Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol.

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“…Psychosocial covariates included self-reported hard drug use32 (ie, heroin, crack/cocaine, methamphetamine, prescription misuse or other drugs) in the past 6 months; weekly marijuana use; currently has health coverage; lifetime incarceration; Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test score33 34; depressive symptoms based on Centres for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale35; physical and/or threatened violence due to race and/or sexuality, which is defined as reporting being threatened with and/or experiencing physical violence (ie, punched, kicked, beaten) that the participant attributed was due to their race and their sexuality36; perceived racism and homophobia, which was measured using items from the Racism and Life Experience Scales- Daily Life Experiences scale, with 20 items each regarding experiences related to race and sexuality such as being ignored or not given the same service37 38; and internalised homophobia, which was assessed by summing responses to a 7-item scale regarding how strongly participants agreed with statements such as ‘I wish I weren’t attracted to men,’ and ‘As a Black man, I try to act more masculine to hide my sexuality.’39 40 STI/HIV risk covariates including reporting sex with female partners in the past 6 months41; having received HIV testing32; transactional sex in the past 6 months; multiple partnerships defined as higher than the median (≥3)42; concurrent partnership defined as partners in addition to their primary partner in the past 6 months and currently cohabiting with primary partner.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterisation of social support following incarceration among black sexual minority men and transgender women in the HPTN 061 cohort study

et al. 2021

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ObjectiveTo examine longitudinal associations between recent incarceration and subsequent social support among black sexual minority men and transgender women, and whether associations differed between those who did and did not have support prior to incarceration.DesignA secondary analysis in 2020 of data from the HIV Prevention Trials Network 061, a cohort study of black sexual minority men and transgender women recruited in 2009–2010 and followed for 12 months.SettingSix US cities (Atlanta, Boston, Los Angeles, New York City, San Francisco and Washington DC).ParticipantsIndividuals ≥18 years of age who identified as black, reported being male or assigned male at birth, reported ≥1 unprotected anal intercourse event with a male partner in the past 6 months, and reported on incarceration at the 6-month follow-up visit.ExposureHaving spent ≥1 night in jail/prison in the past 6 months reported at the 6-month follow-up visit.OutcomeSocial support measured using a six-item scale assessing frequency of emotional/informational, affectionate and tangible support (range 6–30); and dichotomous indicators of low support for each item (ie, receiving that form of support none/little of the time).ResultsAmong participants who returned for the 6-month visit (N=1169), 14% had experienced incarceration in the past 6 months. Mean support score was 20.9; 18.9 among those with recent incarceration versus 21.2 among those without. Recent incarceration predicted lower support (adjusted β −2.40, 95% CI −3.94 to –0.85). Those recently incarcerated had increased risk of lacking emotional/informational (eg, no one to talk to adjusted risk ratio (aRR) 1.55, 95% CI 1.13 to 2.13) and affectionate (aRR 1.51, 95% CI 1.11 to 2.04) but not tangible support. Effects appeared somewhat stronger among those who had support at baseline.ConclusionsIncarceration may reduce support on re-entry among black sexual minority men and transgender women, populations unequally targeted for incarceration and at risk for low support.

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“…Since 2020, several studies have documented associations between personal encounters with the police and negative mental health outcomes in multiple populations (Table 3) [29,33,38,61–64,65 ▪▪ ,66–70,71 ▪ ,72,73 ▪▪ ]. Remch et al [65 ▪▪ ] found that in a longitudinal cohort of Black MSM ( n = 1155), those who experienced police harassment in the past 6 months had a 1.63 (95% CI 1.32–2.02) times higher rate of psychological distress, but not a higher rate of depressive symptoms. Although such longitudinal studies are exceedingly rare, others have advanced the field through comprehensive assessment of the construct of police encounters.…”

Section: Police Encountersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Race, criminalization and urban mental health in the United States

Pamplin¹,

Kelsall²,

Keyes³

et al. 2023

Current Opinion in Psychiatry

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Purpose of reviewAs efforts to increase policing and roll back criminal legal system reforms in major U.S. cities rise, the collateral consequences of increased criminalization remain critical to document. Although the criminalization of mental illness has been well studied in the U.S., the mental health effects of criminalization are comparatively under-researched. In addition, despite extreme racial disparities in U.S. policing, there is limited understanding of how criminalization may contribute to racial disparities in mental health.Recent findingsLiterature included in this review covers various types of criminalization, including direct and indirect impacts of incarceration, criminalization of immigration, first-hand and witnessed encounters with police, and the effects of widely publicized police brutality incidents. All forms of criminalization were shown to negatively impact mental health (depression, anxiety and suicidality), with evidence suggestive of disproportionate impact on Black people.SummaryThere is evidence of significant negative impact of criminalization on mental health; however, more robust research is needed to address the limitations of the current literature. These limitations include few analyses stratified by race, a lack of focus on nonincarceration forms of criminalization, few longitudinal studies limiting causal inference, highly selected samples limiting generalizability and few studies with validated mental health measures.

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Police harassment and psychosocial vulnerability, distress, and depressive symptoms among black men who have sex with men in the U.S.: Longitudinal analysis of HPTN 061

Cited by 10 publications

References 22 publications

Police Violence and Public Health

Police Violence and Public Health

Characterisation of social support following incarceration among black sexual minority men and transgender women in the HPTN 061 cohort study

Race, criminalization and urban mental health in the United States

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