“…The complex interactions of plate boundary forces result in plate motions dominated by interactions among far-field plate velocities, hinge migration direction, subduction polarity Doglioni and Panza, 2015), slab pull and ridge push forces (Forsyth and Uyeda, 1975;Stadler et al, 2010), the dynamics driven by mantle drag (Conrad and Lithgow-Bertelloni, 2006), and radial (Phillips and Bunge, 2005) and lateral viscosity contrasts (Stadler et al, 2010). The kinematics of subduction zones suggest a close relationship between the velocities of subduction hinge migration, lower plate motion, and subduction relative to the anchored upper plate.…”