Polarization-stable single-mode VCSELs for Cs-based MEMS atomic clock applications

Al-Samaneh, Ahmed; Renz, S.; Strodl, Andreas; Schwarz, Wolfgang; Wahl, Dietmar; Michalzik, Rainer

doi:10.1117/12.853181

Cited by 17 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Owing to their convenient, mode-hop-free tunability via the operating current, high modulation bandwidths, and sufficiently low linewidths, single-mode VCSELs are good candidates for nonlinear spectroscopy [98] (and its use in optical interrogation for atomic sensors like clocks [91,99] or magnetometers [100]) or gas sensing, with oxygen sensors operating in the 760 nm wavelength region as a prominent example [101][102][103]. Gas sensing with long-wavelength VCSELs is discussed in Chap.…”

Section: Emission Linewidthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Elements of the equivalent circuit can conveniently be deduced from microwave impedance measurements [86,87,91]. Even if more than two elements are involved, H p (ν) can often be well approximated by a first-order low-pass [91] with the characteristic parameter ν p . In total, the measured small-signal response of the VCSEL is approximated by the fit function…”

Section: Small-signal Modulation Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other than the modulation transfer function (2.75), RIN(ν) does not include a parasitic roll-off term (since the laser is driven by a continuous-wave current) and also carrier transport effects play no role. Relative intensity noise measurements can therefore be employed to characterize intrinsic dynamic properties of laser diodes [91]. For small resonance frequencies we can approximate γ * ≈ (τ sp ) −1 in (2.78) to obtain a decrease of the RIN according to…”

Section: Relative Intensity Noisementioning

confidence: 99%

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VCSEL Fundamentals

Michalzik

2012

Springer Series in Optical Sciences

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In this chapter we outline major principles of vertical-cavity surfaceemitting laser (VCSEL) design and operation. Basic device properties and generally applicable cavity design rules are introduced. Characteristic parameters like threshold gain and current, differential quantum efficiency and power conversion efficiency, as well as thermal resistance are discussed. We describe the design of Bragg reflectors and explain the transfer matrix method as a convenient tool to compute VCSEL resonator properties in a one-dimensional approximation. Experimental results illustrate the emission characteristics of high-efficiency VCSELs that apply selective oxidation for current and photon confinement. Both the 850 and 980 nm wavelength regions are considered. The basic treatment of laser dynamics and noise behavior is presented in terms of the small-signal modulation response as well as the relative intensity noise. Finally we give some examples of VCSEL applications in fiber-based optical interconnects, i.e., optical data transmission over short distances. IntroductionVCSELs have undergone an extraordinary evolution over the past three decades. Suggested by Prof. Kenichi Iga and first demonstrated by the research group at Tokyo Institute of Technology in the late 1970s [1-3], VCSELs are a commodity item today [4] and already serve millions of computer users as the key component in modern navigation devices such as the optical mouse. In even larger quantity, this laser type has entirely replaced edge-emitting laser diodes for use in multimode fiber-based Gbit/s speed optical data transmission in premises networks and for the interconnection of various kinds of computer clusters. Several books entirely devoted R. Michalzik (B)

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Section: Emission Linewidthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Small-signal Modulation Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Relative Intensity Noisementioning

confidence: 99%

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VCSEL Fundamentals

Michalzik

2012

Springer Series in Optical Sciences

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“…Figure 1 shows such a VCSEL chip having 250 × 250 μm 2 size. The latter VCSEL has a flip-chip-bondable design [9]. By etching a mesa down to the first layer pairs of the n-type DBR and applying a polyimide passivation layer that contains a circular hole for a Au-electroplated n-via, the n-contact becomes accessible from the epitaxial side of the chip.…”

Section: 6 Nm Vcsel Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metrological characterization of custom-designed 8946 nm VCSELs for miniature atomic clocks

Gruet¹,

Al-Samaneh²,

Kroemer³

et al. 2013

Opt. Express

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Abstract:We report on the characterization and validation of customdesigned 894.6 nm vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs), for use in miniature Cs atomic clocks based on coherent population trapping (CPT). The laser relative intensity noise (RIN) is measured to be 1 × 10 −11 Hz −1 at 10 Hz Fourier frequency, for a laser power of 700 μW. The VCSEL frequency noise is 10 13 · f −1 Hz 2 /Hz in the 10 Hz < f < 10 5 Hz range, which is in good agreement with the VCSEL's measured fractional frequency instability (Allan deviation) of ≈ 1 × 10 −8 at 1 s, and also is consistent with the VCSEL's typical optical linewidth of 20-25 MHz. The VCSEL bias current can be directly modulated at 4.596 GHz with a microwave power of −6 to +6 dBm to generate optical sidebands for CPT excitation. With such a VCSEL, a 1.04 kHz linewidth CPT clock resonance signal is detected in a microfabricated Cs cell filled with Ne buffer gas. These results are compatible with state-of-the-art CPT-based miniature atomic clocks exhibiting a short-term frequency instability of 2-3×10 −11 at τ = 1 s and few 10 −12 at τ = 10 4 s integration time.

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“…Figure 2 shows the light out-coupling facet of our inverted grating VCSEL. 8 Having designed and fabricated our VCSELs, we tested their performance characteristics. Figure 3 shows their polarizationresolved spectra.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%