The high intensity, high spectral purity, and short‐pulse duration of laser sources have opened a new era in laser spectroscopy. Many sophisticated spectroscopic techniques have been developed during the last decades. They have allowed the investigation of the structure of atoms and molecules with great detail, making it possible to test fundamental quantum mechanics theories. Moreover, laser spectroscopy represents a very diffused tool in many other fields. A wide range of applications concern not only free atoms and molecules but also plasma physics and solid‐state physics and many other interdisciplinary fields such as chemistry, biology, and medicine. Laser spectroscopy is till now a very fascinating field of research continuously in evolution: the new techniques of laser cooling have allowed the production of condensates of atoms that represent a new state of the matter only recently explored.