Important part of this review is devoted to description of feasibilities for experimental measuring of coherence by measuring of spatial polarization distributions of www.intechopen.com Modern Metrology Concerns 264 inhomogeneously polarized fields. We represent the newest metrological tool connected with novel concept of optical currents (optical flows). Namely, we show that some intimate characteristics of complex optical fields with arbitrary degree of spatial coherence and arbitrary degree of polarization may be "deciphered" indirectly, by observation of the influence of such fields on embedded micto-and nanoparticles. This original metrological approach seems to be prospective for development of so-called optical traps and tweezers for manipulation of isolated particles of micro-and nanoscales. Separate section of the Chapter is devoted to application of local Stokes-polarimetry in diagnostics of biological tissues, in the context of early (pre-clinical) diagnostics of some widespread diseases. We represent both experimental and data processing techniques leading to high-sensitive and reliable diagnostics. All considered metrological approaches and techniques are original, generated by recently by the members of our team. Some prospects of further investigations in the direction represented in this Chapter, as well as necessity and possible ways for overcoming some present shortcomings of optical metrology in the field of coherence and polarization, are outlined in the last section.