Polarization-sensitive broadband photodetector using a black phosphorus vertical p–n junction

Abstract

The ability to detect light over a broad spectral range is central for practical optoelectronic applications, and has been successfully demonstrated with photodetectors of two-dimensional layered crystals such as graphene and MoS 2 . However, polarization sensitivity within such a photodetector remains elusive. Here we demonstrate a linear-dichroic broadband photodetector with layered black phosphorus transistors, using the strong intrinsic linear dichroism arising from the in-plane optical anisotropy with respect to the atom-buckled direction, which is polarization sensitive over a broad bandwidth from about 400 nm to 3750 nm. Especially, a perpendicular built-in electric field induced by gating in the transistor geometry can spatially separate the photo-generated electrons and holes in the channel, effectively reducing their recombination rate, and thus enhancing the performance for linear dichroism photodetection. This provides practical functionality using anisotropic layered black phosphorus, thereby enabling novel optical and optoelectronic device applications. Corresponding author: hyhwang@stanford.edu, yicui@stanford.edu. 2Confined electronic systems in layered two-dimensional (2D) crystals are host to many emerging electronic, spintronic and photonic phenomena, 1, 2, 3 including quantum Hall and Dirac electrons in graphene 4, 5, 6 and topological surface states in topological insulators 7, 8 . Experimentally identifying new functionalities of two-dimensional materials is a challenging and rewarding frontier, enabled by recent advances in materials and device fabrication. One example is the valley polarization control using circularly polarized light in the non-centrosymmetric MoS 2 monolayer and resulting potential valleytronics applications. 9, 10,11 Other examples include recent demonstrations of novel electronic and optoelectronic applications of the well-known layered material black phosphorus (BP), such as high-mobility field effect transistors and linear-polarization dependent optical absorption. 12,13,14 Therefore, further discovering new properties and functionalities utilizing known layered materials is of practical importance and great current interest. 14,15,16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26 As a potential functionality for layered 2D materials, linear dichroism (LD) is an electromagnetic spectroscopy probing different absorption of light polarized parallel or perpendicular to an orientation axis. It directly depends on the conformation and orientation of material/device structures, where they are either intrinsically oriented in an anisotropic crystal structure 27, 28 or extrinsically oriented in anisotropic device patterns 29, 30 . Compared to the hexagonal in-plane lattice in other 2D materials such as graphene and MoS 2 , which are insensitive to the linear polarization of incident light, the layered BP crystal with a rectangular in-plane lattice has a highly-anisotropic structure along the x and y directions (defined in Fig. 1a), where every two rows of P atoms alternatel...

Resolving and Tuning Mechanical Anisotropy in Black Phosphorus via Nanomechanical Multimode Resonance Spectromicroscopy

“…To validate the multimode resonance determination of crystal orientation, we further independently verify this by using polarized optical reflectance measurements. 34,28,40 The results (Figure 2d) show excellent agreement with the results in Figure 2c. This demonstrates that the spatially-resolved multimode resonances provide a new useful alternative for determining the crystal orientation, in situ, in the device platform of suspended black P nanostructures.…”

Booming Development of Group IV–VI Semiconductors: Fresh Blood of 2D Family

“…Van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures composed of 2D layered materials have been attempted intensively recently due to the novel physical properties covering a wide range of electronic, optical, and optoelectronic systems 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242. Jo and co‐workers130 synthesized polymorphic 2D tin‐sulfides of either p‐type SnS or n‐type SnS 2 via adjusting hydrogen during the process.…”

Photogating in Low Dimensional Photodetectors

“…Furthermore, the response time measured at a strong illumination intensity reaches several milliseconds, and a remarkable GBP of ≈10 7 Hz could be estimated at the same incident power. Yet, this work has not extracted the full potential of BP, because BP covers a wide electromagnetic spectrum and is a good alternative for polarization‐sensitive infrared detection 81, 82. Waveguide‐integrated BP photodetector has been reported to exhibit a bandwidth as high as 3 GHz at the important telecom wavelength 83.…”