Polarization scattering by soliton–soliton collisions

Abstract

We have discovered experimentally that soliton-soliton collisions in wavelength division multiplexing significantly alter the polarization states of the colliding solitons. Analysis shows that the change in polarization is according to the cross product of the Stokes vectors of the colliding solitons. Birefringence of the fiber spans can turn this polarization scattering into a significant source of timing jitter.

Mitigation of Nonlinear and PMD Impairments by Bit-Synchronous Polarization Scrambling

“…Consider first the "pure" BSPS corresponding to a sawtooth phase variation in time (3) By setting, for example, , the input Stokes vector performs a complete rotation about the axis during each bit time T (see Fig. 1), namely (4) Note that for high channel rates (e.g., a bit rate Gbit/s), one should use in practice a relatively long phase modulation period (e.g., ) in order to synthesize a sufficient number of harmonics to represent the sawtooth modulation, where B is the highest harmonic frequency.…”

Analysis of Cross-Polarization Modulation in Dispersion-Managed DWDM Systems

“…The rapid motion of a probe channel's SOP due to linear fiber birefringence can be mathematically eliminated by using a suitable transformation of the coordinate system [2], thus isolating the nonlinear contributions to the SOP evolution. The instantaneous effect of XPolM on the arrested SOP can then be described by a rotation around the sum S Σ (z, t) of the Stokes vectors of all co-propagating channels [1], [3], [4]. This vector sum is a random quantity which consists of the sum of a large number of random vectors.…”

Introduction to polarization mode dispersion in optical systems

“…Cross phase modulation depends on the relative polarizations of the channels and causes two Stokes vectors to precess around one another [54]. This "power-dependent PMD" or polarization scattering accelerates the scrambling or depolarization of the WDM channels beyond the rate caused by PMD alone.…”