Polarization in Electrolytic Solutions. Part II. Measurements

Abstract

The object of the present investigation was to supply material for testing the theory given in the preceding paper. Therefore, the ``polarization capacitance'' and the ``excess resistance'' of electrolytic solutions were measured over wide ranges of frequency and concentration, and for different plate distances. Also the material of the electrodes was modified, and some temperature coefficients were measured. After the general introduction (Sec. I) the method used is described in Sec. II; it is essentially a Jones bridge method, with suitable modifications. In Sec. III the cell is described. Section IV deals with the general scope of the measurements and with the procedure in performing them. The range of frequencies was, as a rule, from 18 to 18,000 cps; the molar concentrations varied from 10−4 to 10−2 g-eq/liter. In addition to solutions of KCl and MgSo4, conductance water was investigated. Electrodes of Al, Ni, Au, and Pt were used. In Sec. V a survey of the results, independent of any theory is given. Finally, in Sec. VI the results are compared with those of the theory, by analyzing completely several series of measurements referring to water and KCl solutions. A quantitative agreement can be realized, if (a) the effect of the solvent is taken into account, and if (b) it is admitted that there are, in ``conductance water,'' ions of considerably (about 100 times) lower mobility than the ordinary electrolytic ions. With these assumptions the concentrations and the mobilities of the ions can be determined. Finally, the rate constants which are characteristic of the presented theory can be evaluated.

Study of the dielectric response in mineral oil using frequency-domain measurement

“…Jaffe has presented a general solution to the polarization under a homogeneous field or a hyperbolic field and his theory has been verified in both electrolytic solutions and dielectric liquid. [9][10][11][12][13] Macdonald and Friauf have obtained more general solutions based on the Jaffe's studies, and their theoretical space charge polarization expressions have been accepted and used to analysing the frequency response result that is measured from experiments. [14][15][16][17][18][19][20] Coelho has proposed a model by taking into account the combined influence of field and thermal diffusion.…”

Dielectric constant and electrical resistivity of natural-state cores

“…For steady-state direct currents, the capacity of a smooth electrode surface is of the order of 6 to 12 microfarads per square, centimeter. The capacity of metal electrodes with a large specific surface area may be much larger, and polarization capacities as large as 0.02 farads per square centimeter have been reported (Jaffe and Rider, 1952). With an alternating current, these reactions are effective only if the ions have time to concentrate at the electrodes during each half cycle.…”

Study of the charge dynamics in mineral oil under a non-homogeneous field

“…The dielectric loss caused by the space charge polarization can be considerably large so that the contributions to the complex permittivity arising from electronic, atomic and dipole polarizations can be masked [19]. This space charge polarization has been studied both theoretically and experimentally by many researchers [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37]. Jaffe proposed a theoretical solution of the space charge polarization and his theory has been used to analyse the dielectric response of electrolytic solutions and dielectric liquid [20][21][22][23].…”

“…This space charge polarization has been studied both theoretically and experimentally by many researchers [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37]. Jaffe proposed a theoretical solution of the space charge polarization and his theory has been used to analyse the dielectric response of electrolytic solutions and dielectric liquid [20][21][22][23]. Macdonald presented more general expressions and his theory has been widely accepted and used to analyse the experimental result [24][25][26][27][28][29][30].…”