Polarisation of Scattered Light-quanta

Raman, C. V.; Krishnan, K. S.

doi:10.1038/122169a0

“…The frequency difference, ν 0 − ν 1 which may be either positive or negative, is generally called the Raman frequency (or Raman shift). The name of this phenomenon comes from the experimental discovery by C. V. Raman, who first observed this effect in the spectrum of liquid benzene in 1928 [22]. In more than 70 years, Raman spectroscopy has been developed to become one of the most powerful techniques for the study of molecular structure.…”

Section: History Of Raman Spectroscopy Applied In Electrochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While for an Au electrode in a 0.1 M KCl, a succession of triangular potential sweeps (20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25) is necessary to yield intense and stable SERS spectra [51]. The potential is swept from −0.3 V to 1.25 V versus SCE with a sweep rate of 1.0 V s −1 , and back to −0.3 V with 0.5 V s −1 .…”

Section: Orc-roughened Electrodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Raman Spectroscopy of Electrode Surfaces

Zhang

¹

,

Ren

²

2003

Encyclopedia of Electrochemistry

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The sections in this article are Introduction History of Raman Spectroscopy Applied in Electrochemistry Normal Raman Scattering and Resonance Raman Scattering Normal Raman Effect Resonance Raman Effect Surface‐enhanced Raman Scattering Experimental Characteristics of SERS Electromagnetic Enhancement Chemical Enhancement Vibrational Properties of Electrode Surface Species Molecular Symmetry of Surface Species Dipole Coupling Electrochemical Stark Effect and the Influence of a Solvent Surface Selection Rules Comparison of Raman Spectroscopy with Infrared ( IR ) Spectroscopy and their Applications in Electrochemistry Experimental Details Instrumentation for Raman Spectroscopy Lasers Monochannel Instruments Multichannel Instruments Fourier Transform Raman ( FT ‐ R aman) Spectrometer Raman Microscope Confocal Raman Microscope Comparison of Different Raman Systems Experimental Setup for Electrochemical Raman Spectroscopy Optical Operation Modes Spectroelectrochemical Cells Electrode Preparation SERS ‐active Electrode Surfaces Non‐ SERS ‐active Electrodes Electrochemical Raman Measurements Measurement Procedures Sensitivity Spectral Resolution Temporal Resolution Single Shot Measurement Pump‐probe Measurement Potential Averaged Raman Spectroscopy ( PARS ) Spatial Resolution Lateral Resolution Vertical Resolution Calculation of the Surface Enhancement Factor ( SEF ) Combined and Hyphenated Techniques Optical Fiber Raman Spectroscopy Hyphenated Techniques of R aman Spectroscopy with SPM Troubleshooting Optical Alignment Interference of Solution Species Interference of Gas Evolution during In situ Measurements Electrode Stability and Potential Reversibility Surface Heating and Damage Fluorescence Elimination Applications Surface Bonding Identification of Different Surface Species Determination of the Surface Adsorption Sites Distinguishing Different Interactions of the Adsorbate with Substrates Surface Configuration Adsorption Orientation Coadsorption of Thiourea and Thiocyanide Surface Water Water Adsorption in Aqueous Systems Water Adsorption in Nonaqueous Systems Surface Reactions Surface Adlayers Batteries and Fuel Cells Lithium Ion Batteries Methanol Fuel Cells Corrosion Passive Films Corrosion Inhibitors Electrodeposition and Surface Processing Electrodeposition Semiconductor Processing Prospective and Future Developments New Surfaces Ordered Nanostructured Surfaces Well‐defined Single Crystal Surfaces New Methods Tip‐enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Near‐field Raman Spectroscopy Surface Enhanced Hyper‐ R aman Spectroscopy ( SEHRS ) Acknowledgments

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“…Since the discovery of the Raman effect [1,2] a rapid development in a wide range of scientific fields [3] took place. However, one challenge in Raman microspectroscopy is the analysis of the experimental Raman spectra.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Checking and Improving Calibration of Raman Spectra using Chemometric Approaches

Dörfer

¹

,

Bocklitz

²

,

Tarcea

³

et al. 2011

Zeitschrift Für Physikalische Chemie

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Raman Spectroscopy / Wavenumber Calibration / Intensity Calibration / ChemometricsA wavenumber and intensity calibration procedure of Raman spectra by using chemometric techniques is presented. This approach allows the fine tuning of calibration parameters and routines with the final goal to eliminate setup dependent differences within experimentally recorded Raman spectra. This seems to be necessary since more and more Raman databases are needed for different analytical tasks, like identification of minerals or bacteria. Minimizing the impact of the applied experimental Raman setup on the reference (database stored) Raman spectra allows the databases to be enlarged very easily by feeding the database with Raman spectra recorded with different setups. Furthermore the chemometric analysis performance increases due to the larger number and better quality of reference spectra.

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“…[1] They observed experimentally that the wavelength changes when a photon undergoes scattering can be attributed to the excitation of vibrational modes of a molecule. In accordance with the Raman selection rule, the molecular polarizability changes as the molecular vibrations displace the constituent atoms from their equilibrium positions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of surface‐enhanced Raman scattering in cell analysis

Xie

¹

,

Su

²

,

Shen

³

et al. 2011

J Raman Spectroscopy

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In surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), the scattered intensity is drastically increased due to a resonant interaction with surface plasmons of coin metals. SERS is a nondestructive spectroscopic method applied also to biomedical samples. It inherits the advantages of normal Raman spectroscopy and at the same time overcomes the inherent low sensitivity problem. These properties endow SERS with exciting opportunities to be a successful analytical tool for cell analysis. SERS can be used to detect only molecules located on or close to the metallic nanostructures which can support surface plasmon resonances for the enhancement of the Raman signals. Therefore, these metallic nanostructures play a key role in the application of SERS in cell analysis. By incorporating the SERS substrates into the biosamples, molecular structural probing and cellular imaging become possible. In the past decade, analysts worldwide have developed many schemes to study the chemical changes and component distribution in cells by using SERS. In this paper, the application of SERS in cell analysis is reviewed.

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Polarisation of Scattered Light-quanta

Cited by 50 publications

References 0 publications

Raman Spectroscopy of Electrode Surfaces

Raman Spectroscopy of Electrode Surfaces

Checking and Improving Calibration of Raman Spectra using Chemometric Approaches

Application of surface‐enhanced Raman scattering in cell analysis

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