Polar gigantism dictated by oxygen availability

Chapelle, Gauthier; Peck, Lloyd S.

doi:10.1038/20099

Cited by 272 publications

(207 citation statements)

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“…There have also been many examples of patterns that would Wt Bergmann's rule in ectotherms (e.g. Partridge and French 1996;Chapelle and Peck 1999;Ashton 2004); however, there have been several authors arguing strongly against a universal rule of this type (e.g. Geist 1987), and trends of size increase in the opposite direction have been documented (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Schutze and Clarke 2008); altitude (e.g. Ma et al 2009); oxygen availability (Chapelle and Peck 1999;Peck and Maddrell 2004;McClain and Rex 2001); and in the sea, with depth (Rex and Etter 2009). The latter is of interest, because several factors change with increasing depth, including resource availability and suitable habitat for hard substratum dwelling species.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Angilletta 2004, Chown andGaston 2009). Explanations include diVerent temperature eVects on growth and diVerentiation (van der Have and de Jong 1996), oxygen availability constraints on cell size (Woods 1999;Chapelle and Peck 1999, Peck and Chapelle 2003Peck and Maddrell 2005), energy use (Brown et al 2004), abundance (White et al 2007), diet quality (Ho et al 2010), geographic range size or through increased fecundity or survival in cold environments (Stearns 1992). The various explanations are reviewed in Angilletta (2004), but there is still no consensus and either diVerent factors are important in diVerent groups or multiple factors interact to give the eVect.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Variation in size of living articulated brachiopods with latitude and depth

Peck

Harper

2010

Mar Biol

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Geographical variations in animal characters are one of the main subjects for study in macroecology. Variation with latitude has received special interest. Articulated brachiopods are possibly the commonest macrofossil with large variations in size of taxa through the fossil record. Here, we investigate trends in size of the 3 main orders of articulated brachiopod with latitude and depth. Data were insuYcient to identify patterns in Thecideida (a micromorph taxon only recorded from low latitudes). Rhynchonellida had no clear trends in size with latitude or depth. Terebratulida exhibited hemispheric diVerences in size relations, with increasing length of species towards the pole in the south and no signiWcant trend in the north. Tropical species were small (<20 mm length between 10°N and 10°S), and the largest species were found between 30° and 60° latitude in both hemispheres. There were no articulated brachiopods recorded from the high arctic, and support for a continuous trend in size with latitude was small or absent. In Terebratulida, there was a signiWcant decrease in species length with depth of 1.7 mm per 100 m depth increase. These trends could be explained by competition for space and reduced availability of habitat with progressive depth beyond the continental shelf.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Variation in size of living articulated brachiopods with latitude and depth

Peck

Harper

2010

Mar Biol

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“…Various hypotheses have been proposed to explain body size patterns including both physiological (e.g. temperature, oxygen uptake: Pauly 1997; Chapelle & Peck 1999) and ecological (e.g. food supply : Thiel 1975) mechanisms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in body size across an environmental gradient: A differential response in scavenging and non-scavenging demersal deep-sea fish

et al. 2005

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Body size trends across environmental gradients are widely reported but poorly understood. Here, we investigate contrasting relationships between size (body mass) and depth in the scavenging and predatory demersal ichthyofauna (800-4800 m) of the North-east Atlantic. The mean size of scavenging fish, identified as those regularly attracted to baited cameras, increased significantly with depth, while in nonscavengers there was a significant decline in size. The increase in scavenger size is a consequence of both intra and inter-specific effects. The observation of opposing relationships, in different functional groups, across the same environmental gradient indicates ecological rather than physiological causes. Simple energetic models indicate that the dissimilarity can be explained by different patterns of food distribution. While food availability declines with depth for both groups, the food is likely to be in large, randomly distributed packages for scavengers and as smaller but more evenly distributed items for predators. Larger size in scavengers permits higher swimming speeds, greater endurance as a consequence of larger energy reserves and lower mass specific metabolic rate, factors that are critical to survival on sporadic food items.

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“…Nonetheless, such a pattern may arise as a consequence of delivery of oxygen to crucial tissues rather than throughout the oxygen transport system (e.g., Kaiser et al 2007), and the extent to which other factors have been ruled out as explanations for gigantism has been questioned (Chown and Gaston 2010). Oxygen availability has also been shown to correlate with the spatial distribution of body sizes of extant amphipods (Chapelle and Peck 1999;Peck and Chapelle 2003), gastropods (McClain and Rex 2001), and diving beetles (Vamosi et al 2007), although some of the evidence for this pattern is controversial (Spicer and Gaston 1999). Recent work has supported a role for oxygen in structuring body size distributions and diversity patterns and emphasizes the role of both oxygen solubility and partial pressure in determining these patterns, thereby emphasizing the interaction between temperature, oxygen availability, and oxygen demand (metabolic rate; Boardman et al 2011;.…”

Section: Testing Growth Models I: Changing Environmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testing Metabolic Theories

Kearney

White

2012

The American Naturalist

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JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. abstract: Metabolism is the process by which individual organisms acquire energy and materials from their environment and use them for maintenance, differentiation, growth, and reproduction. There has been a recent push to build an individual-based metabolic underpinning into ecological theory-that is, a metabolic theory of ecology. However, the two main theories of individual metabolism that have been applied in ecology-Kooijman's dynamic energy budget (DEB) theory and the West, Brown, and Enquist (WBE) theoryhave fundamentally different assumptions. Surprisingly, the core assumptions of these two theories have not been rigorously compared from an empirical perspective. Before we can build an understanding of ecology on the basis of individual metabolism, we must resolve the differences between these theories and thus set the appropriate foundation. Here we compare the DEB and WBE theories in detail as applied to ontogenetic growth and metabolic scaling, from which we identify circumstances where their predictions diverge most strongly. Promising experimental areas include manipulative studies of tissue regeneration, body shape, body condition, temperature, and oxygen. Much empirical work designed specifically with DEB and WBE theory in mind is required before any consensus can be reached on the appropriate theoretical basis for a metabolic theory of ecology.

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Polar gigantism dictated by oxygen availability

Cited by 272 publications

References 3 publications

Variation in size of living articulated brachiopods with latitude and depth

Variation in size of living articulated brachiopods with latitude and depth

Trends in body size across an environmental gradient: A differential response in scavenging and non-scavenging demersal deep-sea fish

Testing Metabolic Theories

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